Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EXAM 2: Diabetes and Endocrine > Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid > Flashcards

Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

What is the MOA of steroidal hormones

A

1) move into membrane
2) Binds to intracellular receptor
3) Increases transcription factors and causes change in mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the MOA of non steroidal hormones

A

1) Binds to cell surface receptor
2) cAMP signalling pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland linked

A

Neuronal pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is function of hypothalamus

A

Controls release of hormone signals to anterior and posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary linked

A

Vascular links

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Child birth muscle contraction
Social development and behaviours
Secretes milk during breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does vasopressin do

A

1) V2 receptor = ADH that increases water permeability and increases reabsorption
2) V1 receptor = Binds to smooth muscle and controls contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are hormones released from the posterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus secretes hormones in vesicles
Transported down neuronal pathway axons
Stored in neuronal terminals in pituitary
Becomes excitable and released into circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary released and summarise what they do

A

1) Growth Hormome - Stimulates IGF-1 from liver to increase peripheral growth in tissue
2) Thyroid stimulating - stimulated production of T3, T4
3) Adrenocorticotropic - Stimulates adrenal cortex growth
4) Follicle stimulation - reproductive processes
5) Luteinizing - helps reproductive cycle and menstruation
6) Prolactin - regulates lactation and breast production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline the three hormone sequence

A

1) Hypothalamus releases hormones
2) Stored in anterior pituitary gland
3) Released into bloodstream via capillary diffusion transportation
4) Gland (ie, thyroid)
5) Hormones released from gland and targets the desired organH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is the regulation of hormones controlled?

A

1) Negative feedback loops - too much hormone = stop in production
2) Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the target for growth hormone

A

Somatostatin receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is released from the andrenal glands

A

Aldosterone
Corticosteroids
Androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hormone regulates aldesterone release

A

Adrenocorticotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the mineralocorticoid aldesterone

A

Promotes Na+ reabsorption via Na+/K+ channels
Increase blood volume due to osmosis
Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on the body

A

1) Increase gluconeogenesis, glucose cell uptake and blood glucose
2) Anti-inflammatory/ immunosupressive
3) Stress

18
Q

Summarise how cortisol is secreted

A

1) Hypothalamus secreted CRF hormone
2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone released by anterior pituitary
3) Adrenal cortex stimulated
4) Releases cortisol

19
Q

What causes cushings syndrome

A

Increased cortisol release via CRF, ACTH
Hyperglycaemia, moonface, poor wound healing

20
Q

Give examples of steroid medications

A

Prednisolone, beclomethasone, hydrocortisone

21
Q

What are the systemic side effects of long term steroid use

A

1) Adrenal suppression
2) Immunosuppression - increased infections
3) Psychiatric - mental health and nightmares

22
Q

What role does the hypothalamus have in secreting thyroid hormone

A

1) Hypothalamus -releases TRH
2) Pituitary gland (adrenal) releases TSH
3) Allows thyroid to make and release T3 and T4

23
Q

Describe anatomy of thyroid structure

A

1) Follicular cells - Product thyroid hormone and store it
2) Thyroglobulin - Carries Iodine, tyrosine, calcitonin
3) Parafollicular cells - Secrete calcitonin

24
Q

What is the sequence of the 3 step process used to produce T3 and T4

A

1) Oxidation
2) Organification
3) Coupling

25
Q

What stimulates transfer if iodide ions into the blood

A

TSH

26
Q

How are iodine ions transported from blood to thyroid

A

Na+/ I- transporter

27
Q

What enzyme facilitates the conversion id iodide ions to iodine

A

Thyroperoxidase through oxidation

28
Q

What is organification in thyroid production

A

1) Thyroglobulin + I2 (oxidised I-)
2) Produces: MIT and DIT

28
Q

How is T3 and T4 transported back into the blood from where?

A

1) Transported from follicular lumen
2) uses endocytosis to transport back to blood
3) Lysosomes break down vesicles
4) T3, T4 released

29
Q

What is coupling in thyroid production

A

3) MIT + DIT = T3
4) DIT + DIT = T4

30
Q

What are the symptoms of HYPO-thyroidism

A

weakness,
fatigue,
weight gain
hair loss

31
Q

Name a disease associated with HYPO-thyroidism

A

Hashitmotos - autoimmune where thyroid is destroyed
due to extra TSH release

32
Q

What would you expect to see in levels of TSH, T3, T4 in someone with HYPO-thyroidism

A

1) INCREASE TSH
2) DECREASE T3, T4

33
Q

What would you expect to see in levels of TSH, T3, T4 in someone with HYPER-thyroidism

A

1) DECREASE TSH
2) INCREASE T3, T4

34
Q

What is the pharmaceutical approach for HYPO-thyroidism

A

Levothyroxine (T4 structure)
25-50mcg daily

35
Q

What are the symptoms for HYPER-thyroidism

A

Sweating
anxiety
tremor
eye problems

36
Q

Name 3 diseases associated with HYPER-thyroidism and summarise them

A

1) Graves - Immune system creates antibodies to mimic TSH and act as the pituitary gland to secrete more thyroxine

2) Toxic nodular goitre - INCREASE in follicle formation, more follicles = more iodine to be converted into thyroxine

3) Tumours - Benign tumours = can secrete more TSH

37
Q

When is a beta blocker used in thyroid problems

A

HYPER-thyroidism
Relief of sympathetic symptoms: Sweating, tremor, anxiety
Propranolol

38
Q

Gives some Medicinal approaches to HYPER-thyroidism

A

1) Carbimazole - Inhibits thyroidperoxidase
(first line)

2) Propylthiouracil - inihibts thyroidperoxidase

39
Q

Red flag symptoms of carbimazole

A

Lowers immune system and blood cell count

EXAM 2: Diabetes and Endocrine (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions