Pitt the Younger Flashcards

1
Q

What was the national debt in 1775?

A

£127 million

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2
Q

How much did the national debt rise in the war years? (American wars)

A

91%

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3
Q

What was the national debt in 1784?

A

£243 million

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4
Q

When did war break out with France? What did this do to finance?

A

1793 (up until this point Pitt managed to avoid adding to the national debt)

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5
Q

What was the national debt in 1801?

A

£456 million

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6
Q

What was the issue of ‘debt funding’ and what was the issue with it? What was the issue with corruption surrounding the large national debt?

A

Interest rates were at a high 6% (benefitting those who lent and the privileged few who could secure govt jobs or contracts). There were issues of corruption and the money paid to service the debt was thought to take away from investment in trade, agriculture and business.

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7
Q

What was the parliamentary accounts committee?

A

A influential group of MPs in the 1780’s who looked at govt spending and income. It proposed many of the reforms Pitt took forward

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8
Q

When did Pitt introduce the sinking fund? What did it entail?

A

1786

One million pounds a year was set aside from taxes and special commissioners would use this money to buy government shares. The prices of shares were lower than face value so they got a bargain and used the interest rate to buy more stock

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9
Q

Who advocated a sinking fund? Who first used a sinking fund?

A

Financial expert Richard Price advocated it

PM Sir Robert Walpole first used it

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10
Q

How much had the public debt reduced by 1793 due to the sinking fund?

A

£10 million

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11
Q

When was a new sinking fund set up along the old one?

A

1792

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12
Q

What was the long term financial plan in 1792?

A

For the national debt to be paid off in 45 years

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13
Q

What were the issues with the scheme of sinking funds?

A

It dealt only with long term debt. Short term debt increase £7 million between 1783 and 1793.

It only worked in peacetime

Sinking fund continued until 1829 but was ineffective in war (1793-1815) in war borrowing had to rise so debt reduction was tricky

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14
Q

When was the war with the French?

A

1793-1815

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15
Q

When was Pitt’s Hovering Act of 1787? What did it change?

A

Extended a previous measure of 1780, set up in 1787

Customs Officers could search ships 12 miles off shore rather than the previous 6 miles

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16
Q

What things did Pitt increase indirect taxes on?

A

Bachelors, hats, servants, wig powder, dice, houses (1785 introduced tax paid on male servants and introduced tax on female servants, provision for bachelors to pay more than married households)

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17
Q

What new taxes did Pitt introduce?

A

Paper duties, carriages, silver and gold plate, beer licenses, bricks and tiles, saddle horses and silk imports

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18
Q

When did Pitt introduce his original idea of taxes on retail shops? What was the effect?

A

Introduced in 1785

Causes rioting by those who fear price increases

Repealed in 1789

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19
Q

What did Pitt do to attack the smuggling trade?

A

Hovering act

Reduced high import duties on wine, tobacco and tea (which went from 199% to 25%) encouraging people to avoid heavy penalties for smuggling and pay the tax- raises govt income

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20
Q

What tax policy did Pitt put in place to relate taxes to the ability to pay?

A

Window tax

Taxes on luxuries

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21
Q

What was the ‘consolidated fund’?

A

All customs duties were paid into it and measures to combat fraud were put in place.

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22
Q

What was ‘retrenchment’?

A

The number of govt jobs reduced

Example by early 1790’s nearly 750 fewer excise duties were in place

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23
Q

Why did Pitt give higher pay to officials?

A

It reduced corruption and provided incentives to collect all due taxes

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24
Q

When was the money going to the royal family reduced? How?

A

1786

By reform of the ‘civil list’

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25
Q

What is a sinecure? What did Pitt do to them? Which group wanted to get rid of them?

A

A job with no responsibility but with a salary (usually for supporters to ensure loyalty)

Pitt reduced the number of them

The County Association wanted to be rid of them

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26
Q

What did Pitt do to govt contracts?

A

More were put out to public tender due to Pitt

Reduction of corruption due to this

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27
Q

What did Pitt do to the King’s estates?

A

Managed them in a more cost effective way, increases revenue

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28
Q

What idea did Pitt launch that was copied?

A

The public lottery

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29
Q

When did the national debt turn to a narrow surplus?

A

1792

Done by reductions in expenditure and increases in income

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30
Q

When did Pitt introduce an income tax?

A

1799

He was the first British PM to do this.

On all incomes over £60 per year

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31
Q

How was the majority of wartime expenditure raised?

A

Taxes for the first time ever

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32
Q

When was peacetime between the American war and French war?

A

1783-1793

Some may credit peace as the reason for financial achievement over Pitt’s actions

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33
Q

What did Pitt do in regard to the recommendations made to sweep away corruption in 1789?

A

He ignored it

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34
Q

How small was Pitt’s administration?

A

Very small! Only about 3000 people (majority in customs and excise around 600)

DEFECT INHERITED BY PITT

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35
Q

What were the issues with govt departments inherited by Pitt?

A

Sinecures

Resources badly spread (some overstaffed, others understaffed)

Leadership in departments was poor

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36
Q

How did Pitt tackle and reform administration?

A

Reformed from within

Appointed strong administrators to take charge of departments ( Richard Frewin in customs in 1787)( Sir Charles Middleton the civilian administrator of the Navy)

Gradually abolished sinecures

Tackles East India Company

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37
Q

How many warships did Pitt build in his peacetime ministry?

A

33! Increased the size of the navy greatly

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38
Q

How many sinecures had Pitt ended by 1792? When did sinecures ended as a practice?

A

Ended 28 by 1792

Practice ceased by 1806

However Pitt reluctant to dismiss sinecures and usually waited for people to die before abolishing their post

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39
Q

When did Pitt tackle the East India Company? How did he do this?

A

1784

The India Act of 1784 established a board of control, two cabinet ministers say on this and scrutinised the company’s activities

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40
Q

How did Pitt change the numbers in excise?

A

Increases in numbers to reflect more taxes

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41
Q

What was Pitt’s plan as PM?

A

Reduce corruption

Generate income- increasing wealth of country

Making administration more modern and cost effective

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42
Q

How could you criticise Pitt’s administrative reforms?

A

They were quite slow

Admin changes in the navy not fully implemented

East India Company continued to run India until 1858

Did not push view that promotion should be on principle ( example of Post Master General John Palmer- Palmer pensioned off)

Did not reform ‘rotten boroughs’ as he desired

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43
Q

What did Pitt do to reform ‘rotten boroughs’?

A

His idea of reforming the composition of parliament by abolishing 36 ‘rotten boroughs’ defeated in Parliament in 1785

Pitt did not attempt to reintroduce it

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44
Q

What did Pitt think about trade?

A

That Britain needed to expand overseas trade rather than limit existing trade- building alliances and leading to peace

Felt there should be freer trade

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45
Q

Who set up the trade treaty with France in 1786?

A

William Eden

The Eden treaty

Britain offered low duties on wine import and reduction by both countries on duties on textiles, pottery and leather goods

Silk excluded due to competition fears

Treaty favoured Britain as were producing more manufactured goods than France

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46
Q

What is mercantilism?

A

World trade stable and only had to increase the share of world trade

Lead to protectionism and 17th century legislation like the Navigation Acts which meant only British ships carried British empire products

Attacked more and more

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47
Q

Who is Adam Smith?

A

Economist that argues that if competition is allowed to flourish- wealth created and not diminished

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48
Q

Why did Pitt need more overseas trade?

A

Needed an outlet for the greater number of products produced due to growth of industry backed by expansion of roads and canals and the great amount of agricultural produce

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49
Q

How did Pitt aim to get freer trade?

A

Reducing duties on trade with America and Ireland

Trying to get commercial treaties with other European powers ( Spain, Portugal, France, Russia)

Envoys sent to most European countries to negotiate reductions in duties but have limited success

50
Q

What happened to the free trade treaty with Ireland?

A

Had to be dropped in 1785 as it has opposition from manufacturers (fear of foreign competition)

51
Q

What was the relationship between trade and the navy?

A

Trading leads to empire (navy helps get this too)

Navy protects trade and trade pays for wars

52
Q

What changes socially occurred in high society due to increased trade?

A

It assimilated wealthy merchants and bankers who financed the high society

Prejudice again trade lessened

Trading and bank wealth could purchase land and lead to MPs and political influence

53
Q

What happened to trade 1783-1792?

What happened to the national debt as a consequence?

A

Value of British trade almost doubled

Deficit of £2.25 million turns to surplus of £2 million

(Could also say this is due to peace and manufacturing allowing cheap mass produced products which could undercut continental rivals)

54
Q

What was the British reaction to the early French Revolution?

A

Initially mixed, some including Fox see them as taking a route to constitutional monarchy. Others thought they were headed in the direction of religious toleration and reforms.

The French king unpopular in UK as he sided with the American colonists

Pitt hoped a new French govt would cooperate over trade with Britain

55
Q

By 1790, what were the views toward the early revolution?

A

The mobs and political agitation worried some in Britain by 1790.

British political elite hardened against the French Revolution. In 1790 MPs defeated proposal by Henry Flood to reform parliament

Meanwhile radical groups such as the London corresponding society, the society for constitutional information and the society of the friends of the people ( Fox and Charles Grey members) sympathised with the French and called for reform.

56
Q

Who was Thomas Paine?

A

The most radical writer of his time(1737-1809). He argued for the right to rebel.

57
Q

Who was Edmund Burke?

A

He was a lawyer turned Whig MP. He argues against and attacks the events that occurred in France

58
Q

Who are dissenters?

A

Protestants not part of the Church of England

59
Q

What were the fears for Britain regarding the French Revolution?

A

Fear of France dominating the coastline

Fear of Revolution

Fear of gross beheading of king

Fears of popular unrest

60
Q

What action did Pitt take in 1792 to try to prevent Britain going the same way as France?

A

Procured a royal proclamation against seditious publications and meetings

61
Q

Were there conservative radicals?

A

Yes the ‘church and kings’ group attacked supporters of reform and dissenters

62
Q

What caused disturbances in 1791?

A

Food prices and bad harvests

63
Q

What issues did reform associations have?

A

Their aims were not uniform ( all want parliamentary reform but to different extents)

Some groups wanted to end the slave trade (Wilberforce) others wanted religious toleration

Political awareness grew and the gap between Whigs who demanded change and Pitt who disliked Revolution grew

64
Q

What were the September massacres?

A

In September 1792 Paris mobs invaded the prisons and brutally killed those suspect of opposing Revolution. This sparks the reign of terror, the revolutionary government in 1793-94 executed thousands, including the king and Queen.

65
Q

What were the Gordon riots?

A

2 June 1780, 50,000 Londoners marched on parliament to protest against the easing of restrictions on Roman Catholics.

London dominated by mobs for a week- the danger of popular violence on the streets was real. However there had never been violence for political ideology only unpopular ministers or religious intolerance

66
Q

What factors meant there was a good chance of Revolution in Britain?

A

Clear political ideas for the people to have more power

Opposition to corrupt political system

Unrest caused by economic conditions

War had stopped progress of reform

Royal family were unpopular

Support for revolution by members of the political elite

Political organisations with large memberships growing

Spread of reformist literature

67
Q

What were the new political ideas in Britain?

A

Paine’s ‘Rights of man’ and other widely read publications called for change by 1793. These spread ideas of constitutional reform, liberty and natural rights. The USA and France were example of successful revolution.

Mass meeting, banners, symbols spread radical ideas around the country

68
Q

Who was Thomas Hardy?

A

Formed the London Corresponding Society in 1792

Popular hero for liberty and change

Tried for ‘imagining the king’s death’ a offence carrying the death penalty. He was acquitted (1794)

69
Q

When was Habeas Corpus suspended?

A

1794 by an Act

70
Q

What government measures were put in place to suppress naval mutinies?

A

Seduction from Duty and Allegiance Act 1797

Act against administering unlawful oaths 1797

71
Q

When did the Government pass the gagging acts?

A

1795

Seditious meetings and Assemblies Act- meetings of more than 50 people needed permission and magistrates could disperse meetings

Treasonable Practices Act forbade expressing views that bought the king or Government into contempt

72
Q

When was the Newspaper publications Act passed?

A

1798-99

73
Q

When were the combination acts passed?

A

1799-1800

Prevented workers uniting for better pay or conditions

74
Q

When were leading London radicals arrested?

A

1794

75
Q

What does the Government do to Newspapers in 1792-3?

A

Subsidises those that oppose reform and spread alarm about Revolution

76
Q

When did Pitt get a royal proclamation against seditious publications?

A

December 1792

77
Q

Why was Scotland better at trials for sedition?

A

Great political control in Scotland under Henry Dundas

78
Q

When was the Act for the More Effective Suppression of Societies Established for Seditious and Treasonable Purposes passed?

A

1799

79
Q

What examples are there of opposition to a corrupt political system?

A

1760’s- John Wilkes protesting about government suppression of his satirical political journal ‘The North Briton’

1770’s- 25 country associations pioneered by reformed Christopher Wyville pressed for reform of parliament as they resented pocket or rotten boroughs

‘Old corruption’- Fox and Sheridan want to end this

Pitt also tries to pass a bill to reform parliament but fails

80
Q

What political organisations sprung up on the back of the French Revolution?

A

The Revolution society- sent a message to the states General urging that Britain and France should cooperate to promote freedom

Society of the Friends of the People- young whigs, sympathetic to France and want more people to have the vote

Society of Constitutional Information, founded 1791- more mixed membership socially and a larger membership

Sheffield Constitutional Society- abolished subscriptions, has 2,500 members due to this

London Corresponding society, formed 1792, led by Thomas Hardy. Membership=3,000 by 1795

81
Q

What did the political organisations of the 1790’s do? What issues did they face?

A

They represented the political self-education of the non upper class, with craftsmen and skilled workers they had a mixed social membership with lower middle classes (unlike the County Associations of the 1770’s)

They had debates, letters, declarations and pamphlets, but these did little more than provoke govt reaction and convinced the govt there were attempts to stir up the lower classes

Parallels drawn to them and the political clubs of the French Revolution (Jacobins)

They were often the victims of ‘Church and King’ mobs

82
Q

What were common things political organisations in the 1790’s called for?

A

Reform of parliament

Restoration of common land

Shorter factory hours

Lower taxes

Prison reform

Better care for the old

Education for the young

83
Q

Who was Thomas Hardy?

A

Scottish Shoemaker, inspired by the French Revolution forms the London Corresponding Society in 1792.

Arrested and tried for treason in 1794 but the jury would not convict him.

84
Q

Why were the economic conditions in Britain in the 1790’a favourable for revolution?

A

London had got bigger in the 18th century. It had slum areas and economic hardship- this led to mob activity

There were bad harvests and this caused issues as bread was a staple. Bad summer of 1792 and also poor harvests in 1795-6. This led to high bread prices, in 1796 the cost of wheat per quarter was 76 shillings whereas 1780-89 the average was 46 shillings,( the average 1790-99 was 58 shillings)

Industry changes also led to unrest as workers in factory towns dependant on trade and markets.

85
Q

What support was there for revolution from the political elite?

A

Although war eroded support for Fox he still had 50 supporters in the HoC

Writers like Paine

Distinctive leaders like John Thelwal and John Horne Tooke

Ordinary men coming to prominence like Thomas Hardy

86
Q

What issues were the radical political elites talking of?

A

Enclosure, this has a large popular appeal

Rights of women following Mary Wollstonecraft’s book ‘A vindication of the rights of women’ in 1792

In France politics was being expressed in a new language, popular sovereignty, liberty and popular representation in govt for example. Radicals wanted to replicate this

87
Q

What was enclosure?

A

An agrarian grievance

Reorganisation of land, made common land inaccessible to the common people and stopped ‘common grazing’

This meant smaller land holdings often became inefficient to farm

88
Q

What factors of War made revolution likely?

A

Higher taxation

Forced recruitment of men into the navy and army

Economic distress caused by the disruption of trade and inflation due to wartime spending

The state became more repressive and popular discontent rose- an expression of this being naval mutinies

89
Q

What naval mutinies occurred in the 1790’s? How many occurred?

A

Spithead 1797. channel fleet immobilised. Issues with pay, poor provision and harsh punishments

The Nore 1797. Men declared a ‘floating republic’. 29 sailors hanged under new laws quickly passed which made incitement to mutiny a capital offence.

1797 happened in total

These encourage the govt to pass more repressive legislation as these were influence by France and radical writings

The willingness of the Navy to negotiate showed that the mutinies were potentially serious had they been able to link with other discontents.

90
Q

Why was the revolutionary threat 1791-1797 not really a threat?

A

The different elements it contained did not unite

An anti-French sentiment had developed due to ward. There was a strong movement in support of the crown and church. The association of political radicalism and religious non-conformity led to popular attacks on dissenters.

Little radical activity in the countryside where the bulk of the population still lived

The executions of the French King and Queen shocked more than it inspired

The government used propaganda to create alarm about revolution and repressive legislation in a way to stop the threat of revolution

91
Q

When was there a radical threat to Britain? Why did Pitt think there was a threat?

A

At times of hunger and high prices, people would listen to revolutionary activists

There was a threat of Invasion ( in 1798 French troops landed in Ireland to support a rising , the United Irish Rebellion)

Issues maintaining food supplies

Issues having enough men and money to sustain the war

This war had an ideological aspect which was unusual

Foxite opposition didn’t support the govt

Radicals openly supported the ideals of Britain’s enemies

92
Q

Was Pitt’s government overacting by taking counter measures against radicalism?

A

This is very much up to debate

93
Q

Why was Pitt’s terror considered very limited compared to the French Revolution?

A

It was dependant on laws and said laws needed parliamentary approval, so Fox and his supporters could criticise them

In England juries were reluctant to convict (especially for sedition which had the death penalty) political crimes were not really seen as crimes

The government relied on spies and agent provocateurs but didn’t have an extensive police force to enforce its powers

94
Q

Who were Agent Provocateurs?

A

Government spies who pretended to support radical groups and encourage them into protests and illegal activity then betray them

95
Q

What can be said was good in regard to Pitt’s terror (in the government’s eyes)

A

Varied resources

Influenced opinion by subsidising newspapers and having loyalist associations (the so called Pitt’s clubs) which rivalled radical clubs

It rushed through legislation to deal with the 1797 mutinies

Made life tricky for reformers by allowing attacks on them- ‘Church and King mobs’

200 prosecutions for treason, ‘habeas corpus’ suspended.

96
Q

Was radicalism a danger in Britain?

A

Radicalism stronger in times of economic problems and not a constant threat - other reasons but repression that revolution didn’t occur

Radicals were not one united group- repressive measures weakened them easily

Enthusiasm for the French Revolution declined as political violence grew. ( from 1795 ruled by the corrupt Directory from 1799 Napoleon, a military director) - this factor may have been more important than repression

97
Q

When was Pitt in power?

A

December 1783 to March 1801 then again from May 1804 until his death in January 1806

98
Q

Who was Pitt’s main political opposition?

A

Charles James Fox

Pitt not as good an orator as him

Pitt better at admin and financial detail

99
Q

When were the Whigs in power 1783-1830?

A

Briefly February 1806 to March 1807

Then not until November 1830

100
Q

At the beginning of the studies period, who was the leader of the Whigs? What was the Whigs beliefs and what did they comprise of?

A

The second Marquess of Rockingham

Opposed war against the American colonists and supported ideas for reform

Less of a party and more of a group of influential nobles. Talented speakers like Fox and Burke in the HoC.

Rockingham reluctantly appointed pm in 1782 but dies the same year leaving Whig support divided.

101
Q

What happened after Rockingham’s death?

A

Some like Fox and Rockinghma’s successor the Duke of Portland refused to join Shelburne’s ministry

Portland and Fox try to overturn Shelburne’s ministry by forming a coalition with Lord North, once their political enemy

The king sees this as immoral and so appoints Pitt in December 1783

When Pitt took office the Whigs are already divided and lose 100 seats in the 1784 election

102
Q

What events weakened and divided the Whigs even after their loses in the 1784 election?

A

The regency crisis

  • Whigs seen as backing hereditary monarch power over parliament power…

The French Revolution
-Burke opposed it, Fox saw it as a great home for the future

  • when war came in 1793, the Whigs divided again and Pitt formed a virtual coalition with his own ministers and leading Whigs

Foxites dwindled to 50 MPs- opposition became demoralised, didn’t always show up to parliament

103
Q

Explain the regency crisis if 1788-89?

A

George 3rd appears to go mad in 1788

Fox eager for his friend the Prince of Wales to be declared regent- hoped he would then dismiss Pitt

Pitt argued the decision should be made by parliament

Fox, the great supporter of people’s and parliaments rights looks like he is arguing for the power of the monarchy, whereas Pitt who owed a lot of his power to the crown is supporting Parliaments rights. Looks bad on Fox

104
Q

When did King George the 3rd rule?

A

1760-1820

105
Q

When was Lord North in place as PM?

A

1770-82

106
Q

What things did Pitt fail at?

A

Some argue Pitt was not a genuine reformer and merely wanted to maintain the status quo by making minimum changes.

He didn’t carry out his plan to reform parliament

He didn’t help his friend William Wilberforce end the slave trade

His attempts to permit Roman Catholics as MPs failed

107
Q

When was there a rebellion in Ireland?

A

1798

108
Q

Why was Pitt an unlikely choice for a prime minister?

A

He was only 24 and had only been an mp for 4 years- he had little experience of political life

The rest of the cabinet sat in the Lords

The majority of MPs supported the former ministry ( Fix and North). At any time Pitt’s government could have been rendered useless by the votes of his opponents in the HoC

He had no popular following, was only an MP because he was nominated for the pocket borough of Appleby

He was able (although had only been chancellor of the exchequer for nine months) but he lacked charm and was unlikely to win over MPs

109
Q

Pitt’s ministry was nicknamed the ‘mince pie ministry’ because it wouldn’t last past Christmas. Why did the King take such a risk by appointing him?

A

He wanted a loyal and able PM instead of a Whig leader who wanted to dominate him

He saw the alliance between Fox and North as unprincipled as they were previously political enemies.

However without support in the HoC Pitt wouldn’t have been able to do govt business or pass any legislation- the king would have to then appoint Whig leaders he disliked to the cabinet and look powerless. Pitt had to do well or the King would look like he had no influence

110
Q

What problems did the Whigs have?

A

Fox- bad reputation
- womaniser and gambler. Seems unprincipled due to his coalition with North. Disloyal to the king and extravagant In support for the Prince of Wales, giving him a large allowance of £100,000

Publication of parliamentary debates made Fox seem exaggerated and extreme, he speeches sounded better in real life. Pitt seemed dull but more reasoned in this media

Pitt supports causes like reform of parliament and ending the slave trade, undercuts Whigs appeal

Whigs supported some outdated causes- protection of trade for example and Fox’s position in the regency crisis. The Whig opposition to the Eden treaty also seemed misguided

The onset of war against France made Fox seem unpatriotic

111
Q

How great was Pitt as a reform minister?

A

Both a conservative and a reformer

Torn between admiring his skill and efforts to modernise government and his defence of a society dominated by landed elite

Compared to aristocrat politicians of the 18th century, Pitt was effective and modern

However he was too careful of vested interests to be a full on reformer

The war with France affected Pitt’s ability to be able to reform

Questions surround whether he deliberately exaggerated threats of Revolution and pursued policies that were overly repressive and alarmist

Some felt he was making minimum change to keep to the status quo and preserving the power of the political elite

Many said he did nothing that would antagonise the king, the city or the independent MPs- careful to be politically safe

Pitt is said to have had shrewd judgement by many

112
Q

How did Pitt have political skill?

A

He avoided clashed with vested interests like those who held sinecures

Didn’t press for unpopular reforms, like parliament reform

Used peerages to keep government support in the House of Lords

Good at finance and administration

113
Q

What favourable circumstances did Pitt depend on?

A

The regency crisis was ended by the King’s recovery

The Eden treaty (one of his big successes) was bought about by the French being willing to go against their own interests economically

Divided opposition

War with France associated his ministry with the patriotic interests of the nation (although this undermined his financial achievement)

114
Q

How old was Pitt when he became PM? How much experience did he have? What big issues did he face?

A

He was 24

He had 4 years of being an MP

He had been chancellor of the exchequer for 9 months- little political experience

Rest of his cabinet sat in the House of Lords

In the HoC the majority supported the former ministry, a coalition of Whig/ Fox and North supporters

Pitt had no political following ( elected for the pocket borough of Appleby)

He wasn’t very charming and was unlikely to win MPs over

115
Q

What did Pitt hope in delaying the 1784 election?

A

The kings agents would use royal influence effectively

He would establish a reputation as a statesman in Parliament

  • the independent MPs did warm to him- by 1784 March, Pitt could pass the mutiny Bill.
116
Q

How had Pitt gained advantage by the March 1784 election?

A

He had set out ideals for reform

Seemed loyal and patriotic

Won the respect on independent MPs and introduced a bill in 1783 to bolster their representation

Respected for integrity as refused to accept sinecures

Public recognition

Had support of Political managers John Robinson and Henry Dundas

117
Q

What were the results of the 1784 election? Why?

A

100 MPs who supported Fox and the Whig Lords lost their seats

In the HoL Pitt could rely on a majority as the King could create New peers and influence standing peers

The bishops in the House of Lords also tended to favour the crown

Peers loyal to the king got Pittites elected as they controlled many small boroughs

Pitt could use royal patronage to reward supporters

People liked the principled and reform minded Pitt and disliked the artificial coalitions between Fox and Lord North

However large Westminster (13,000 voters) was won by Fox

The East India Company which disliked Fox’s attempt to regulate it was influential in the boroughs

118
Q

What was the election down to?

A

Royal influence- yet Pitt was no royal mouthpiece ( he kept he King’s confidence though)

Independents impressed by his statesmanship and family name and reputation

Pitt attracted those who favoured reform and more morales in politics

The election allowed less instability and greater change

119
Q

When was the American War?

A

1776-83

120
Q

Why did Pitt reform finance and admin?

A

Influenced by time as Chancellor under Shelburne

Pressure from the country, saw the USA defeat as proof the govt was hopeless

The servicing of the ever growing national debt was expensive

Pitt’s reputation built on desire for cheaper and more efficient government

Feeling that Britain should be more moral and pure

Government corruption was rife