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Pioneers > Pioneers > Flashcards

Pioneers Flashcards

1
Q

Thales

A

water most important element

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2
Q

Pythagoras

A

saw correspondence between worldly experiences and mathematics

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3
Q

Heraclitus

A

ambiguous relationship of stability and change

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4
Q

Zeno

A

describing paradoxes deriving from concept of infinity

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5
Q

Protagoras

A

concentration on strictly human issues and problems not ultimate

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6
Q

Hippocrates

A

naturalistic humoral theory & Hippocratic corpus

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7
Q

Socrates

A

-> teacher of Plato, Meno: immortal born is reborn -> nativist view (knowledge within individual just has to be brought out) & rationalism /emphasizing reason) -> know thyself

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8
Q

Xenophon

A

-> Socrates student (provided accounts), famous historian

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9
Q

Plato

A

founder of Academy -> rationalism, idealism (existence of sth. More fundamental& ultimate) & nativism, difference between appearance and ideal forms underlying them

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10
Q

Aristotle

A

-> empiricist view (knowledge from experience & observation), scale of nature, categories of human psyche

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11
Q

Theoprastus

A

friend of Aristotle, work on plants complemented his animal collection

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12
Q

Democritus

A

promoted atomic theory (universe composed of tiny atoms)

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13
Q

Epicurus

A

accepted Democritus, lifestyle of conscious hedonism

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14
Q

Lucretuis

A

roman writer celebrating atomic theory and Epicureanism (de Rerum Natura)

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15
Q

Al_kindi

A

translated Greek writings, introduced Indo-Arabic numerals

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16
Q

Alhazen

A

optics & visual perception -> laid foundations still recognized -> camera obsura

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17
Q

Avicenna

A

-> Canon of Medicine (definitive medical text), Book of the Cure (comments on Aristotle -> influenced medieval Europe

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18
Q

Fibonnacci

A

introduced Indo-Arabic numerals in Europe

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19
Q

Aquinas

A

Reintroduced Aristotelian views & others after encountering Avicenna’s -> integrating them with Christian belief

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20
Q

Galilei

A

promoted theory of primary and secondary qualities

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21
Q

Descartes

A

interactive dualism between body and soul, followed Aristotle, mechanistic explanation for body functions -> highest rationality, conscious, free will & self-awareness (rational soul), simple natures

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22
Q

P.E. Bohemia

A

important intellectual relationship to Descartes -> how can immaterial soul interact with physical body

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23
Q

Locke

A

human mind -> tabula rasa -> knowledge comes through experience (empiricism), founder of British association => nurture

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24
Q

Boyle

A

Boyles law (volume of gas varies with pressure upon it), influenced Locke

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25
Q

Cooper

A

-> politician patron friend -> Locke, first Earl of Shaftesbury

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26
Q

Molyneux

A

-> blind person vision -> distinguish cube rom sphere only vision -> Locke

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27
Q

Hobbes

A

notion of social contact & human reasoning form of mathematical calculation

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28
Q

Masham

A

scholar and friend of Locke, correspondence with Leibniz

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29
Q

Leibniz

A

world composed of dynamic entities -> monads, mind is marble (predisposition), binary arithmetic, calculation with machine -> influence computers

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30
Q

Spinoza

A

pantheism (god is universe) -> influence Leibniz

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31
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

developer of microscope -> influenced Leibniz with life in drop of water

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32
Q

S.C. Palentine

A

youngest sister of EoB -> friend and supporter in Hannover

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33
Q

S. Charlotte

A

daughter of SCP friend of Leibniz & disciple

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34
Q

Berkeley

A

bishop applied Locke association principle to analyze depth perception

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35
Q

Hartley

A

tried integrating associations with neurophysiology -> ideas caused by vibrations in specific locations of brain and nerves

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36
Q

Mill

A

empiricism & associationism -> influenced son JSM

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37
Q

Stuart Mill

A

most important differences in people from associationistic & empiristic principles (not innate factors)

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38
Q

Gall

A

Brains importance in higher functioning -> phrenology

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39
Q

Willis

A

difference grey & white matter -> first accurate Anatomy of Brain

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40
Q

Lavater

A

-> promoted -> physiognomy (reading character in physique

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41
Q

Flourens

A

ablation in animals -> contradicting Gall, cortex a whole, cerrelebrum coord. & movement

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42
Q

Boulliard

A

language cortex in frontal cortex (no other localizations) -> influenced Aubertin

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43
Q

Aubertin

A

theory of speech localization -> brain injured soldier

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44
Q

Broca

A

tan patient -> sensory aphasia -> challenged Flourens idea -> speech function in left frontal brain region -> Broca area

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45
Q

Fritsch

A

motor strip -> electrical brain stimulation

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46
Q

Hitzig

A

motor strip -> electrical brain stimulation

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47
Q

Ferrier

A

-> demonstrated functionally distinct centers in cortex

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48
Q

Wernicke

A

localization theory for theory of aphasia -> area comprehension of speech -> Wernicke area

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49
Q

Franz

A

trained Lashley, ablation of cortex on cats -> method ablation and animal training

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50
Q

Lashley

A

study learning & memory ->ablation animals’ memory not localized but distributed

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51
Q

Bartholow

A

one of first to conduct electrical brain stimulation on conscious human

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52
Q

Penfield

A

brain stimulation -> find center of epilepsy -> interpretive cortex, showed how areas associated with sensation and memory

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53
Q

Milner

A

case study H.M. (lost capacity for STM) -> hippocampus role in forming recent memory, idea of LTM & working memory, declarative vs. procedural memory

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54
Q

Hebb

A

learning & other behaviors function of neurological networks -> assemblies

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55
Q

Kant

A

Noumenal vs. phenomenal world, active mind -> experiences in. term of innate intuitions & categories

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56
Q

Hume

A

laws of association by continuity & similarity, Causality?

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57
Q

Hemholtz

A

psychological mechanism + law of conservation of energy, speed of nerve signal transmission, perception, trichromatic color theory, perceptual adaptation & unconscious interference

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58
Q

Müller

A

maj. Founder of cognitive movement, info theory of language & promoted Chomsky, 7 items storable in memory, Harvard C. Cognitive Studies

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59
Q

Du Bois- Reymond

A

early mechanistic physiologist, electrochemical nature of nerve impulses, encouraged Helmholtz

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60
Q

Hering

A

-> colour-afterimage, theory of color vision

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61
Q

Gibson

A

depth perception innate

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62
Q

FEchner

A

-> measurement of relationship of subjective & physical stimulus -> psychophysics, absolute threshold S= k *log (P)

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63
Q

Weber

A

-> accurate discrimination of stimulus intensities -> depending of relative not absolute (jnd of weight)

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64
Q

Stevens

A

modified Fechner law to function -> accounting subjective e intensity increasing quicker
S=kP^n

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65
Q

Ehrenfels

A

concept of Gestalt qualities (squareness of square…) -> prefigured gestaltp.

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66
Q

Wertheimer

A

studied optical illusion, apparent movement, phi phenomena -> productive thinking theory promote, founder of Gestalt psychology

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67
Q

Koffka

A

-> founder of Gestalt psychology, principle of Gestalt Psychology -> standard exposition of movement

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68
Q

Köhler

A

founder of Gestalt psychology, insight in chimpanzee learning, promoted psychophysical isomorphism

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69
Q

Goldstein

A

applied Gestalt psychology to brain injuries (assessed holistically), self-actualization

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70
Q

Lewin

A

everyone resides in psyc. Field of totality of his psyc. Situation, pioneer in experimental social psychologist, action research, group dynamic

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71
Q

C. Darwin

A

naturalist, theory of evolution and natural selection

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72
Q

E. Darwin

A

doctor, inventor, poet, science, theory of evolution, grandfather Darwin

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73
Q

Henslow

A

recommended that Darwin went on voyage Beagle

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74
Q

Lyell

A

theory of uniformitarianism in relation to geology

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75
Q

Ussher

A

estimated the earth to be 6000 years old, correlated catastrophism theory

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76
Q

Paley

A

argument from design as objection to gradual evolution

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77
Q

Lamarck

A

species evolve & change by inheriting physical features resulting voluntary use

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78
Q

Malthus

A

writing on population. Growth -> inspired Darwin

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79
Q

Wallace

A

also had evolution theory through natural selection

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80
Q

Huxley

A

supported Darwins theory, defended him publicly

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81
Q

Spencer

A

survival of the fittest, promoted social Darwinsim

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82
Q

Romanes

A

used darwins data on animal behavior -> comparative psychology

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83
Q

Galton

A

hereditary intelligence & eugenics, foundation modern intelligence testing, behavior genetics, research twins

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84
Q

Quetelet

A

measurements from large population fell into normal distribution

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85
Q

DE Candolle

A

focused on cultural and environmental factors (more than hereditary)

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86
Q

Pearson

A

refined Galtons method od calculating coefficient of correlation (r)

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87
Q

Newman

A

major study on separated twins (30s)

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88
Q

Freeman

A

major study on separated twins (30s)

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89
Q

holzinger

A

major study on separated twins (30s)

90
Q

Burt

A

-> “Galton successor” – prmoting intelligence testing -> strong hereditary component intellegence

91
Q

Jensen

A

educational psychologist -> ineffectiveness of compensatory edu. On poor urban children -> genetic role in intelligence differences between races

92
Q

Kamin

A

uncovered Burt study -> flaws that invalidated result -> environment important

93
Q

Wundt

A

first experimental psyc. Lab (1879), Völkerpsychologie separate für language, reasoning (nonexperimental)…

94
Q

Bessel

A

-> RT differed consistently according to personal equation -> Wundt & Helmholtz reference NS -> linking experience and physical systems

95
Q

Donders

A

devised subtractive method, -> formula reaction time speed of mental processes

96
Q

Cattle

A

analysis of personality traits 16PF

97
Q

Titchener

A

leader structuralist school Cornell, main goal of exp. Analysis of basic elements consciousness -> introspection

98
Q

Gambkle

A

titchner PhD student -> sensation of smell, prof. Wellesley

99
Q

Washburn

A

first woman with doctorate in psyc. (Titchener), learning and mental processes animals

100
Q

Ladd-Franklin

A

evolutionary color receptors, challenge Titchener no women policy: Experimentalists

101
Q

Külpe

A

introspective methods on higher processes (contradicting Wundt), imageless thoughts

102
Q

watt

A

student Külpe, directed association, words association highly specific manner, influenced by predetermined motives, challenge subtractive method

103
Q

ach

A

direct-association studies -> subsequent reasoning

104
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

Studied memory with nonsense syllables -> forgetting curve

105
Q

James

A

first lab in America, usefulness of ideas -> pragmatism

106
Q

Renouvier

A

wrote about free will -> influenced James

107
Q

Bain

A

one of the first to integrate physiology and psychology -> influenced James (habit)

108
Q

Lange

A

emotions caused by bodily reactions not reversed -> James-Lange theory

109
Q

Peirce

A

colleague James, semiotics, pragmatism, symbolic logic, supervised Ladd-Franklin

110
Q

Hall

A

-> first American earn Ph.D. under James, founder APA, leader child & developmental psychology -> adolescence

111
Q

Sumner

A

first African Am. To earn Ph.D in 1920, relationship psyc. & religion

112
Q

M- Clark

A

effects of race & racial prejudice on personal development -> segregation public school illegal

113
Q

K. Clark

A

effects of race & racial prejudice on personal development -> segregation public school illegal

114
Q

Calkins

A

one of first to overcome gender discrimination -> career psychology, paired-association technique from studying memory, self-psychology, president APA

115
Q

Sanford

A

helped Calkins to establish lab at Wellesley

116
Q

Heidbreder

A

concept formation, Seven Psychologies -> major systems

117
Q

Thorndike

A

comparative psychologist, trial-error learning, law of effect, transfer training

118
Q

Woodworth

A

transfer training and early personality test

119
Q

Pavlov

A

digestion, reflexive salivary responses -> (un)conditioned responses, principle of classical conditioning -> fundaments of behaviorism

120
Q

waston

A

primary promoter of behaviorism (psyc. Matter observable behavior -> prediction and control -> little albert

121
Q

Rayner

A

research assistant (Watson) Little Albert

122
Q

Bechetrev

A

conditioned responses in animals & humans -> influenced Watson conditioned emotional reaction

123
Q

Jones

A

systematic desensitization as fear removal supervision watson

124
Q

Tolman

A

experimental work rats’ mazes -> latent learning & cognitive maps -> purposive behaviorism

125
Q

Hull

A

mathematically based mechanistic behaviorism

126
Q

Skinner

A

behaviorist -> operant conditioning, application of reinforcement to education

127
Q

Mesmer

A

animal magnetism to explain hypnosis -> mesmerism

128
Q

Puységur

A

student Mesmer, inductrion to hypnosis -> discovery of many now standard hypnotic effects

129
Q

Faria

A

priest ->lucid dream (hypno) rather suggestibility than power of hypnotist

130
Q

Esdaile

A

rational emotive therapy (same time Beck cognitive)

131
Q

Braid

A

confirmed Puységur & Faria research on mesmeric technique, named hypnotism -> scientific respectability

132
Q

Bernheim

A

influenced by Liébeault (hypnotism), Nancy school, hypnotism suspect -> suggestibility

133
Q

Charcot

A

theories hysteria, hypnotism -> false -> mainstream, Salpêtiere school mentor Freud (11)

134
Q

Wittmann

A

patient Charcot -> Queen of hysteria

135
Q

Delboeuf

A

supporter Nancy School, discomforted magnetic theories of Binet & Féré

136
Q

Le Bon

A

behavior of crowds -> likening hypnosis

137
Q

Henri

A

student/collaborator Binet, suggestibility children, program of individual psychology

138
Q

Triplett

A

one of first controlled studies on social facilitation

139
Q

F. Allport

A

founder experimental social psychology -> first doctoral dissertation, coedited jounal, textbook

140
Q

Prince

A

founded J.of Ab. Psy., article on Freud, hired Allport expand journal

141
Q

asch

A

Gestalt-orientated -> conformity & suggestibility

142
Q

Festinger

A

studied with Lewin, developed theory of cognitive dissonance

143
Q

Milgram

A

conformity and obedience 60s, shocks to confederate -> test willingness to obey authority

144
Q

Zimbrdo

A

research obedience to authority, Stanford prison experiement

145
Q

Loftus

A

reconstructive nature of memory -> false memory & eyewitness

146
Q

Freud

A

thrapy & gerneral psychological theory -> psychoanalysis

147
Q

Breuer

A

treated Pappenheim, collaborated on Studies of Hysteria freud

148
Q

pappenheim

A

patient hysteria Breuer, cathartic metjod of treatment

149
Q

Brentano

A

philosopher -> theory of act psychology & intentionality -> teacher Freud

150
Q

Brücke

A

mechanistic psychologist (helm. & müller) -> freuds teacher medical school

151
Q

Bauer

A

Freud Patient, transference in psychoanalysis

152
Q

A. Freud

A

daughter F. early child psychoanalyst, development defense mechanism

153
Q

Horney

A

feminist psychoanalyst -> disputed Freud on female superego, theory & therapy emphasizing social and culture rather than biology

154
Q

Thompson

A

physician and psychoanalyst -> psychology of women, critic Freud (limited cultural context)

155
Q

Klein

A

-> child psychoanalyst -> mother-infant relationship, foundation object relation theory

156
Q

Erikson

A

child psychoanalyst -> expand Freud concept psychosexual stages -> psychosocial factors

157
Q

Adler

A

psychotherapist, Freud follower (then no) -> Individual psych. Later – inferiority complex, social interest, importance of guiding fiction

158
Q

jung

A

follower Freud, school analytic psychology, word-association test, inherited archetypes, theory of psy. types

159
Q

Rosenzweig

A

study motivated forgetting (repression9, first exp. Investigation psychoanalytic concept

160
Q

Binet

A

promoted hypnotism (Charcot), -> suggestibility in children, first successful intelligence test in children -> intellectual level or mental age

161
Q

T. Simon

A

collaborated with Binet on first intelligence test

162
Q

Spearman

A

notation of general intelligence (g) and two-factor theory of intelligence

163
Q

Terman

A

introduced term IQ, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale -> gifted children

164
Q

Cox

A

Termans student, childhood biographies of geniuses -> would have high IQ now

165
Q

Wechsler

A

WAIS -> adult IQ, like aged population deviance

166
Q

Flynn

A

absolute intelligence increases -> Flynn effect

167
Q

Piaget

A

genetic epistemology, stage theory of cognitive development -> qualitative differences in reasoning in each stage

168
Q

Inhelder

A

Piaget student -> collaborator stage theory of cognitive development

169
Q

Vygotsky

A

sociocultural theory of intellectual development, social origin of intelligence, potential growth with guidance

170
Q

F. Allport

A

establisher of personality psychology (first doctoral dissertation, journal, textbook)

171
Q

Stern

A

personalistic psychology -> individual gestalt-like concept -> influenced Allport, investigator children’s intelligence & introduced idea Intelligence quotient

172
Q

R. Cattell

A

recruited by F. Allport. -> factor analysis -> 16 personality development

173
Q

Mischel

A

person-situation controversy -> relative importance of traits opposed to situation

174
Q

Murray

A

personological approach -> intense study small numbers individuals -> TAT

175
Q

Morgan

A

collab Murray in developing TAT -> projective personality test

176
Q

Mc Clelland

A

work on motivation -> achievement, affiliation, power -> measured by TAT

177
Q

Pettigrew

A

student & collg. F. Allport -> prejudice -> expert social psych. Of race relations

178
Q

Lindzey

A

collg. of F. Allport -> edited Handbook of Social Psych. & co-auth. Theories of personality

179
Q

Maslow

A

self-actualization, hierarchy of needs of human moti. -> maj. founder of humanistic psyc.

180
Q

Sheldon

A

Maslows teacher, behaviorist methodology in combi. Predisposing body types

181
Q

harlow

A

primate researcher -> behavior monkeys & biological need of love -> Maslow supervisor

182
Q

benedict

A

anthropologist -> culture was like personality in psychology -> influence on Maslow

183
Q

Fromm

A

Escape to freedom -> importance of social and cultural factors -> shaping personality

184
Q

Rogers

A

client-centered therapy ->collab Maslow -> humanistic psych. -> early practitioner psychotherapy and outcomes

185
Q

May

A

existential psychotherapy -> quest for meaning of life, founder humanistic psychology

186
Q

seligman

A

APA president -> promoted positive psychology movement

187
Q

pascal

A

Pascaline -> one first mechanical calculators-> machines rational not emot. processes

188
Q

Babbage

A

introduced Leibniz calc. in English math., difference engine -> complex problems -> hypothetical analytical engine -> any kind of calculation prototype computer

189
Q

lovelace

A

promoted Babbage analytical engine -> Lovelace objection: computers only do what they are told to -> can’t be creative

190
Q

boole

A

expanded definition of math -> Boolean algebra -> new field symboliclogic

191
Q

Turing

A

Turing machine -> universal computer, turing test -> influenced development computer science & AI

192
Q

Shannon

A

electrical switches (on/off) to represent binary code -> initiate information theory

193
Q

newell

A

computer scientist, with Simon -> AI programs: LT & GPS

194
Q

Simon

A

with Newell -> AI programs: LT & GPS

195
Q

Searle

A

Chinese room -> challenge existence of strong AI, accepted weak AI though

196
Q

Miller

A

maj. Founder cog. Psych. -> information theory language, promoted Chomsky, magical number 7, cofounder Harvard Center Cog. Science

197
Q

Chomsky

A

innate grammatical sense -> influencing Miller, helped lay foundation cogn. Psych.

198
Q

Bruner

A

new look on perception -> influence of motives & expectations on perception, studied concept formation, co-establisher Harvard Centre of Cognitive Studies, neo-piaget teaching program -> modes of representation

199
Q

Bartlett

A

Remembering -> emphasize social, cultural & motivational factors -> shaping memories

200
Q

Neisser

A

Cognitive Psychology -> textbook launching event for subdiscipline, research info processing, cognition, intelligence & memory

201
Q

Münsterberg

A

student Wundt, brought to Harvard by James -> directed laboratory, -> development & promotion of applied psych.

202
Q

taylor

A

theory of scientific management, influenced industrial psych. -> objective analysis workers & workplace

203
Q

scott

A

psychology of advertising & headed Committee Classification of Personnel in army WW1

204
Q

Marston

A

popularizer applied psych., promotor lie detector, Wonder woman

205
Q

L. Gilbreth

A

-> industr./organ. Psych. -> Psych of Management, motion studies -> efficiency factory workers, consulted businesses

206
Q

F. Gilbreth

A

engineer -> influenced by Taylor -> motion studies -> movements in work tasks -> the one best way

207
Q

Bregman

A

personnel recruitment, selection, training, management & design -> Macy’s NYC

208
Q

Bills

A

research employee selection -> Carnegie Institute of tech., studied factors affecting employee retention & wage incentive system

209
Q

Mayo

A

Hawthorne studies -> importance of social situation at workplace, one of founders human relations movement

210
Q

L. Hollingworth

A

pioneering studies psychology of women, programs gifted children, advocate higher degree training clinical psych -> professionalizing

211
Q

H. Hollingworth

A

Coca-Cola company -> behavioral effects caffeine, psychology of advertising

212
Q

wallin

A

concerned about lack of qualification & professionalism in clinical psychology

213
Q

Harrower

A

exp. Psych. In Gestalt -> clinician, group Rorschach projective technique, first private practice in NYC

214
Q

Rorschach

A

developed Rorschach projective technique -> inkblots perception -> emotional and neurological conditions

215
Q

Shakow

A

studied schizophrenia -> tri3d objective study of therapy, scientist-practitioner model 49

216
Q

Eysenbeck

A

PEN model, study demonstration ineffectiveness psychotherapy, no psychot. In clinical

217
Q

Albee

A

critical of medical orientation of scientist-practitioner model -> social-learning and prevention orientated approach

218
Q

Wolpe

A

behavior therapy -> based on classical conditioning

219
Q

beck

A

cognitive therapy, correcting distorted thinking & irrational thoughts -> underlining disorders

220
Q

Ellis

A

rational emotive therapy -> same time as Beck

221
Q

Hathaway

A

developed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) with McKinley

222
Q

Meehl

A

work on MMPI for book on predictive superiority of statistical data over judgement

Pioneers (1 decks)

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