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Physiology Special Senses > Pineda Lecture > Flashcards

Pineda Lecture Flashcards

0
Q

Increase in pressure

A

Compression

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1
Q

Sense of hearing into electrical energy

A

Sound wave

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2
Q

Decrease in pressure

A

Decompression

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3
Q

Units for expressing sound pressure are

A

Decibels dB

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4
Q

Measured in cycles/ second or hertx

A

Sound frequency

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5
Q

Formula of dB

A

dB= 20 logP/P0

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6
Q

Human range

A

20-20,000Hz

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7
Q

Sounds greater than 100 dB can cause damage to the?

A

Auditory apparatus

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8
Q

Sounds greater than 120 dB can cause

A

Pain

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9
Q

Human speech

Loudness

A

65dB

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10
Q

Frequency

A

300-3,500 Hz

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11
Q

Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane

A

External ear

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12
Q

Tympanic membrane

Ossicles

A

Middle ear

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13
Q

Acoustic impedance of fluid is much greater than?

A

Air

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14
Q

Serve as impedance matching device

A

Tympanic membrane

Ossicles

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15
Q

Contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscle

  • to protect the cohclea from loud sounds
  • to mask low frequency sounds in loud environments
A

Attenuation reflex

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16
Q

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani contains

A

Perilymph

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17
Q

Scala media contains

A

Endolymph

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18
Q

Separates scala vestibuli from scala media

A

Reissner’ membrane

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19
Q

Site of auditory transduction

A

Organ of corti

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20
Q

Afferent, tranduces sound energy to electrical energy and transmits to the cochlear nerve

A

Inner hair cells

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21
Q

Efferent, modulates vibration of tectorial membrane

A

Outer hair cells

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22
Q

Mechanism of auditory transduction

A

Sound waves
Vibration of organ of corti
Bending of cilia on hair cells
Change inK conductance of hair cell membrane
Oscillating receptor potential
Intermittent glutamate release
Intermittent action potentials in a afferent cochlear nerves

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23
Q

Frequency that activates a particular hair cell depends on the position of that hair cell along the basilar membrane

A

Tonotopic map

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24
Q

Auditory pathways

A 
Spiral ganglion of corti
Dorsal and ventral nuclei of corti
Superior olivary nucleus
Lateral lemniscus
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate ganglion
Auditory cortex
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25
Q

Projection from the medial geniculate body

A

Primary auditory cortex

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26
Q

Excited by impulses from primary auditory ortex

A

Auditory association cortex

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27
Q

Time between entity of sound into one er and its entry into the opposite ear

A

Interaural time difference

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28
Q

Difference between intensities of sounds in the to ears

A

Interaural level difference

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29
Q

Impairment of ear to conduct sound itself to theochlea, which is usually called

A

Conduction deafness

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30
Q

Cause of impairment of cochlea, the auditory nerve, or the central nervous system circuits from the ear, which is usually classified as

A

Nerve deafness

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31
Q

Sense of balance

A

Vestibular apparatus

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32
Q

Contains vestibular hair cells

A

Ampulla

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33
Q

For angular acceleration

A

Horizontal semicircular canal

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34
Q

For linear acceleration

A

Maculae

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35
Q

Stereo cilia bent towards the kinocillum

A

Depolarizes

Increased firing

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36
Q

Stereocillia are bent away kinocillum

A

Hyperpolarizes

Decreased firing

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37
Q

Vestibular nuclei of the medulla

A

Vestibular nerve

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38
Q

Receives input from semicircular canals and sends output to nerves innervating extraoccular muscles and medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

Superior and medial

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39
Q

Receives input from utricles and sends it to the lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

Lateral

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40
Q

Receives input from semicircular canals, utricle and saccules and sends output to brain stem and cerebellum

A

Inferior

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41
Q

Eye movements follow by head movements

A

Vestibulo- ocular reflex

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42
Q

Rhytmic form of reflexive eye movement composed of slow component in one direction interrupted repeatedly by fast saccadic like movement in opposite irection

A

Nystagmus

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43
Q

Vestibulo ocular reflex

A

Slow component

44
Q

Ete adjustment

A

Fast component

45
Q

Head and neck movements

- proximal upper extremity muscle

A

Medial vestibulospinal tract

46
Q

Maintaining extensor tone of anti gravity muscle of lower extremeties

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

47
Q

Specilaized epithelial tissue in the nasal cavity

A

Olfactory epithelium

48
Q

Bipolar nerve cells that transduce chemical energy into electrical energy

A

Olfactory receptor neurons

49
Q

Secretes mucus

A

Bowmans glands

50
Q

Supportive cell

A

Sustentacular celss

51
Q

Reacts to odors in the air and stimulate the olfactory receptor neurons

A

Olfactory hair

52
Q

Steps in olfactory transduction

A

Activation of G protein complex
Activation of adenyl cyclase
Formation of cAMP
cAMP opens more sodium ion channels

53
Q

Most odorants cause

A

Depolarization of olfactory membrane

54
Q

Cortex develops strong feedback inhibition to suppress relay of signal to the olfactory bulb

A

Central mechanism

55
Q

No thalamic relay between bulb and

A

Cortex

56
Q

Olfactory pathwY sends afferents to the corrical area first before the

A

Thalamus

57
Q

Considered as the primary olfactory area

A

Pyriform cortex

58
Q

Integrates the perception of flavor along with the sense of taste

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

59
Q

Mediates the emotional undertones of smell

A

Amygdala

60
Q

Reponsible for association of smell with memory

A

Hippocampal formation

61
Q 
Not caused by a single class of chemicals
- includes sugar, glyols, alohol
A

Sweet

62
Q

Caused acids

A

Sour

63
Q

Ionized salt

A

Salty

64
Q

Alkaloids

Long chain substances with nitrate

A

Bitter

65
Q

Savory

Caused by L-glutamate

A

Umami

66
Q

Large number

A

Circumvallate

67
Q

Moderate number

A

Fungiorm papilla

Foliate papilla

68
Q

Low concentration

A

Taste buds reponds one of the five

69
Q

High oncentration

A

Taste buds reponds two or more

70
Q

Application of the taste substance cause partial loss of

A

Negative potential

Depolarization

71
Q

Taste cell receptors have _______ charge inside with respect to the outside.

A

Negative

72
Q

CN VII

Through the chorda tympani

A

Anterior 2/3 of tongue

73
Q

CN IX and X

A

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

74
Q

Generl sensory transmission from tongue for some flavour sch as spicy or mint

A

Trigeminal nerve

75
Q

CN VII and IX special sensory signals all send input to the nuclus of the

A

Tractus solitarius

76
Q

Gustatory pathways

A

Nuclei of tractus solitaruis
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
Parietal lobe
Insular cortex

77
Q

Normal result in weber test

A

Sound or vibration detected from the midline or equally on both ears

78
Q

Sound lateralizes to the impaired ear

A

Conductive hearing loss

79
Q

Sound lateralizes to the good ear

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

80
Q

To determine laterality

A

Weber test

81
Q

Air conduction vs bone conduction

A

Rinne test

82
Q

Rinne test

In normal individual

A

AC>BC

83
Q

Normal or

Sensorineural loss

A

AC>BC

84
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

BC>AC

85
Q

The patient hearing is compared with a standard

A

Schwabach test

86
Q

Ask the patient to repeat what you said

A

Whisper word test

87
Q

Wristwtch close to the patients ear

A

Clock test

88
Q

Visual representation of the patients hearing threshold

A

Audiogram

89
Q

Impaired transmision of sound waves from the outer to middle ear
Mechanical problem

A

Conductive

90
Q

Impaired transmission of ound waves in inner ear

Electrical problem

A

Sensorineural

91
Q

Causes of sensorineural loss

A 
Presbycisis
Noise
Auditory neuropathy
Drug toxicity
Congenital hearing loss
92
Q

Nirmal rhomberg test

A

The patient can maintain the balance

93
Q

Used to establish benign positional paroxysmal vertigo

A

Dix-Hallpike maneuver

94
Q

Interpretation in dix

A

Pt will report developing vertigo at particular positions of the head

95
Q

Irrigation of the ear with warm or cold water causes convection currents to make the endolymph flow

A

Caloric testing

96
Q

Precautions of caloric testing

A

Check or integrity of the tympanic membranr, droe the patient properly

97
Q

Postion during caloric testing

A

Lateral decubitis

98
Q

Observe during caloric testing

A

Nystagmus

99
Q

Interpretation of caloric testing

A

COWS

Cold- opposite
Warm- same

100
Q

Inflammation of the middle ear, more common in children

A

Acute otitis media

101
Q

Pathophysiology of otitis meia

A 
URTI
Impaired eustachian tube closure
Inflammation
Pain
Acute heAring loss
102
Q

Treatment of acute OM

A

Antibiotics
Deongestant
Tympanoplasty

103
Q

Menieres disease triad

A

Vertigo
Tinnitus
Hearing loss

104
Q

Pathophysiology of menieres

A

Vestibular infection
Retention of inner ear fluid
Paroxsysmal attacks

105
Q

Near sightedness

A

Myopia

106
Q

Far sightedness

A

Hyperopia

107
Q

Comparison of special senses

A

Man vs wild

Physiology Special Senses (1 decks)

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