Pineda Lecture Flashcards
0
Q
Increase in pressure
A
Compression
1
Q
Sense of hearing into electrical energy
A
Sound wave
2
Q
Decrease in pressure
A
Decompression
3
Q
Units for expressing sound pressure are
A
Decibels dB
4
Q
Measured in cycles/ second or hertx
A
Sound frequency
5
Q
Formula of dB
A
dB= 20 logP/P0
6
Q
Human range
A
20-20,000Hz
7
Q
Sounds greater than 100 dB can cause damage to the?
A
Auditory apparatus
8
Q
Sounds greater than 120 dB can cause
A
Pain
9
Q
Human speech
Loudness
A
65dB
10
Q
Frequency
A
300-3,500 Hz
11
Q
Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane
A
External ear
12
Q
Tympanic membrane
Ossicles
A
Middle ear
13
Q
Acoustic impedance of fluid is much greater than?
A
Air
14
Q
Serve as impedance matching device
A
Tympanic membrane
Ossicles
15
Q
Contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscle
- to protect the cohclea from loud sounds
- to mask low frequency sounds in loud environments
A
Attenuation reflex
16
Q
Scala vestibuli and scala tympani contains
A
Perilymph
17
Q
Scala media contains
A
Endolymph
18
Q
Separates scala vestibuli from scala media
A
Reissner’ membrane
19
Q
Site of auditory transduction
A
Organ of corti
20
Q
Afferent, tranduces sound energy to electrical energy and transmits to the cochlear nerve
A
Inner hair cells
21
Q
Efferent, modulates vibration of tectorial membrane
A
Outer hair cells
22
Q
Mechanism of auditory transduction
A
Sound waves
Vibration of organ of corti
Bending of cilia on hair cells
Change inK conductance of hair cell membrane
Oscillating receptor potential
Intermittent glutamate release
Intermittent action potentials in a afferent cochlear nerves
23
Q
Frequency that activates a particular hair cell depends on the position of that hair cell along the basilar membrane
A
Tonotopic map
24
Auditory pathways
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Spiral ganglion of corti
Dorsal and ventral nuclei of corti
Superior olivary nucleus
Lateral lemniscus
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate ganglion
Auditory cortex
```
25
Projection from the medial geniculate body
Primary auditory cortex
26
Excited by impulses from primary auditory ortex
Auditory association cortex
27
Time between entity of sound into one er and its entry into the opposite ear
Interaural time difference
28
Difference between intensities of sounds in the to ears
Interaural level difference
29
Impairment of ear to conduct sound itself to theochlea, which is usually called
Conduction deafness
30
Cause of impairment of cochlea, the auditory nerve, or the central nervous system circuits from the ear, which is usually classified as
Nerve deafness
31
Sense of balance
Vestibular apparatus
32
Contains vestibular hair cells
Ampulla
33
For angular acceleration
Horizontal semicircular canal
34
For linear acceleration
Maculae
35
Stereo cilia bent towards the kinocillum
Depolarizes
| Increased firing
36
Stereocillia are bent away kinocillum
Hyperpolarizes
| Decreased firing
37
Vestibular nuclei of the medulla
Vestibular nerve
38
Receives input from semicircular canals and sends output to nerves innervating extraoccular muscles and medial longitudinal fasciculus
Superior and medial
39
Receives input from utricles and sends it to the lateral vestibulospinal tract
Lateral
40
Receives input from semicircular canals, utricle and saccules and sends output to brain stem and cerebellum
Inferior
41
Eye movements follow by head movements
Vestibulo- ocular reflex
42
Rhytmic form of reflexive eye movement composed of slow component in one direction interrupted repeatedly by fast saccadic like movement in opposite irection
Nystagmus
43
Vestibulo ocular reflex
Slow component
44
Ete adjustment
Fast component
45
Head and neck movements
| - proximal upper extremity muscle
Medial vestibulospinal tract
46
Maintaining extensor tone of anti gravity muscle of lower extremeties
Lateral vestibulospinal tract
47
Specilaized epithelial tissue in the nasal cavity
Olfactory epithelium
48
Bipolar nerve cells that transduce chemical energy into electrical energy
Olfactory receptor neurons
49
Secretes mucus
Bowmans glands
50
Supportive cell
Sustentacular celss
51
Reacts to odors in the air and stimulate the olfactory receptor neurons
Olfactory hair
52
Steps in olfactory transduction
Activation of G protein complex
Activation of adenyl cyclase
Formation of cAMP
cAMP opens more sodium ion channels
53
Most odorants cause
Depolarization of olfactory membrane
54
Cortex develops strong feedback inhibition to suppress relay of signal to the olfactory bulb
Central mechanism
55
No thalamic relay between bulb and
Cortex
56
Olfactory pathwY sends afferents to the corrical area first before the
Thalamus
57
Considered as the primary olfactory area
Pyriform cortex
58
Integrates the perception of flavor along with the sense of taste
Orbitofrontal cortex
59
Mediates the emotional undertones of smell
Amygdala
60
Reponsible for association of smell with memory
Hippocampal formation
61
```
Not caused by a single class of chemicals
- includes sugar, glyols, alohol
```
Sweet
62
Caused acids
Sour
63
Ionized salt
Salty
64
Alkaloids
| Long chain substances with nitrate
Bitter
65
Savory
| Caused by L-glutamate
Umami
66
Large number
Circumvallate
67
Moderate number
Fungiorm papilla
| Foliate papilla
68
Low concentration
Taste buds reponds one of the five
69
High oncentration
Taste buds reponds two or more
70
Application of the taste substance cause partial loss of
Negative potential
| Depolarization
71
Taste cell receptors have _______ charge inside with respect to the outside.
Negative
72
CN VII
| Through the chorda tympani
Anterior 2/3 of tongue
73
CN IX and X
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
74
Generl sensory transmission from tongue for some flavour sch as spicy or mint
Trigeminal nerve
75
CN VII and IX special sensory signals all send input to the nuclus of the
Tractus solitarius
76
Gustatory pathways
Nuclei of tractus solitaruis
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
Parietal lobe
Insular cortex
77
Normal result in weber test
Sound or vibration detected from the midline or equally on both ears
78
Sound lateralizes to the impaired ear
Conductive hearing loss
79
Sound lateralizes to the good ear
Sensorineural hearing loss
80
To determine laterality
Weber test
81
Air conduction vs bone conduction
Rinne test
82
Rinne test
| In normal individual
AC>BC
83
Normal or
| Sensorineural loss
AC>BC
84
Conductive hearing loss
BC>AC
85
The patient hearing is compared with a standard
Schwabach test
86
Ask the patient to repeat what you said
Whisper word test
87
Wristwtch close to the patients ear
Clock test
88
Visual representation of the patients hearing threshold
Audiogram
89
Impaired transmision of sound waves from the outer to middle ear
Mechanical problem
Conductive
90
Impaired transmission of ound waves in inner ear
| Electrical problem
Sensorineural
91
Causes of sensorineural loss
```
Presbycisis
Noise
Auditory neuropathy
Drug toxicity
Congenital hearing loss
```
92
Nirmal rhomberg test
The patient can maintain the balance
93
Used to establish benign positional paroxysmal vertigo
Dix-Hallpike maneuver
94
Interpretation in dix
Pt will report developing vertigo at particular positions of the head
95
Irrigation of the ear with warm or cold water causes convection currents to make the endolymph flow
Caloric testing
96
Precautions of caloric testing
Check or integrity of the tympanic membranr, droe the patient properly
97
Postion during caloric testing
Lateral decubitis
98
Observe during caloric testing
Nystagmus
99
Interpretation of caloric testing
COWS
Cold- opposite
Warm- same
100
Inflammation of the middle ear, more common in children
Acute otitis media
101
Pathophysiology of otitis meia
```
URTI
Impaired eustachian tube closure
Inflammation
Pain
Acute heAring loss
```
102
Treatment of acute OM
Antibiotics
Deongestant
Tympanoplasty
103
Menieres disease triad
Vertigo
Tinnitus
Hearing loss
104
Pathophysiology of menieres
Vestibular infection
Retention of inner ear fluid
Paroxsysmal attacks
105
Near sightedness
Myopia
106
Far sightedness
Hyperopia
107
Comparison of special senses
Man vs wild
