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CC2 (lab)- Endocrinology > Pineal-Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Pineal-Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Pinecone-shaped, attached to midbrain

A

Pineal Gland

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2
Q

Converts Serotonin to Melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

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3
Q

This hormone is for sexual development and sleep/wake cycle

A

Melatonin

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4
Q

Functions of Melatonin

A
  • Reduce skin pigmentation
  • Anti-oxidant along with vitamin C
  • Controlled by Nerve stimuli
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5
Q

Location of Hypothalamus

A

Located at the base of the brain

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6
Q

Source of tropic hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

This goes to other endocrine glands

A

tropic hormones

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8
Q

What organ controls the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland by? (2pts)

A

Neurosecretory and Neurostimulation

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9
Q

State the functions of the Hypothalamus

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Rate & force of heart beat
  • Digestive tract motility
  • Rate and depth of breathing
  • Pleasure, Fear, Rage
  • Body temp
  • Hunger, Satiety, Sleep cycle
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10
Q

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus (6 pts)

A

1- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
3. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
4. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
5. Somatostatin
6. Dopamine

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11
Q

– a tripeptide

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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11
Q

Goes to pituitary gland ->TSH -> T3T4

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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12
Q

Identify based on amino acids:

a) 44 amino acids
b) 10 amino acids
c) 41 amino acids
d) one w/ 14 amino acid and one with 28 amino acid

A

a) 44 amino acids- Growth hormone-releasing hormone
b) 10 amino acids- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
c) 41 amino acids- Corticotropin-releasing hormone
d) one w/ 14 amino acids and one with 28 amino acids- Somatostatin

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13
Q

Goes to the pituitary gland -> growth hormone

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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14
Q

Released at onset of puberty (for sexual development)

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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15
Q

Goes to pituitary gland -> LH, FSH -> Estrogen, Testosterone

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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16
Q

Somatostatin inhibits?

A

Inhibits GH and TSH

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17
Q

Somatostatin can also be produced by?

A

Pancreas and Intestine

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18
Q

Acts on the anterior lobe of PG

A

Somatostatin

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19
Q

Derived from tyrosine

A

Dopamine

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20
Q

Two active forms of Somatostatin

A

one w/ 14 amino acid and one with 28 amino acid

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21
Q

Acts -> cells -> anterior lobe of pituitary gland -> ACTH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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21
Q

Dopamine inhibits the release of?

A

prolactin from the anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland (PG)

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22
Q

Cells of Pituitary Gland:

A
  • Lactotrophs
  • Somatotrophs
  • Thyrotrophs
  • Corticotrophs
  • Gonadotrophs
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23
Q

means to “Spit mucus”

A

Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)

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24
Q

Functions of Pituitary Gland (4pts)

A

growth, metabolism, milk production, and pregnancy

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25
Q

Cells of PG for the production of prolactin

A

Lactotrophs

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26
Q

Cells of PG for the production of LH & FSH

A

Gonadotrophs

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27
Q

Cells of PG for the production of ACTH

A

Corticotrophs

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28
Q

Cells of PG for the production of TSH

A

Thyrotrophs

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28
Q

Cells of PG for the production of Growth hormone

A

Somatotrophs

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29
Q

Extension of forebrain

A

Neurohypophysis

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30
Q

Storage for ADH & Oxytocin

A

Neurohypophysis

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30
Q

From neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus

A

Neurohypophysis

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30
Q

Thin layer of cells produces Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

A

Intermediate lobe of pars intermedialis

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31
Q

No pituitary function

A

Panhypopituitarism

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31
Q

Parapituitary hypothalamic tumors

A

Hypopituitarism

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31
Q

pituitary tumors

A

Hypopituitarism

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32
Q

Produce large hormones, more complex than hypothalamus

A

Adenohypophysis

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32
Q

Shock of pregnant girl at time of delivery

A

Sheehan’s syndrome

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33
Q

Modifiers of Growth Hormone

A
  • Exercise, Sleep
  • Arginine
  • Sex steroids
  • alpha-agonist drugs
  • Beta-blockers
  • Hypoglycemia
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33
Q

Other term for Sheehan’s syndrome

A

Pituitary ischemia

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34
Q

Tests for Growth hormone

A

1) Insulin tolerance resistance
2) Arginine Stimulation test

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35
Q

gold standard/Confirmatory for Growth hormone

A

Insulin tolerance resistance

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36
Q

2nd confirmatory test for Growth hormone

A

Arginine Stimulation test

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36
Q

Excess of Growth hormone results in?

A

Acromegaly, Gigantism (Tumor in PG)

37
Q

Tumor in PG

A

Gigantism

37
Q

Overall metabolic effect of Growth hormone

A

Conservation of Glucose (inversely related to glucose)

38
Q

How many amino acids does somatotropin have?

A

191 amino acids

38
Q

Other term for Growth hormone

A

Somatotropin

39
Q

Most important for growth & most abundant

A

Growth hormone

40
Q

Growth hormone is structurally related to?

A

Prolactin and Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)

41
Q

Calcium retention on bones

A

Growth hormone

41
Q

Onset of sleep (2-3 hours peak)

A

Growth hormone

42
Q

for Internal organ development

A

Growth hormone

42
Q

for function of pancreas & gluconeogenesis

A

Growth hormone

43
Q

Causes of calcium retention on bones

A
  • Mineralization of bones
  • Protein synthesis, Lipolysis
44
Q

Gonadotropin is inhibited by?

A

Inhibin A

44
Q

Hormones under Adenohypophysis

A

1) Growth hormone
2) Gonadotropin
3) Prolactin
4) Thyrotropin
5) Adenocorticotropic hormone

45
Q

For the production of breast milk

A

Prolactin

46
Q

4th marker of Down syndrome

A

Inhibin A

47
Q

If Gonadotropin is decreased it results to?

A

sterility

47
Q

Gonadotropin acts on ________ of ovarian follicles to produce Androgens, Estrogens, Progesterone

A

thecal cells

48
Q

Gonadotropin is used to evaluate?

A
  • Infertility (with other hormones)
  • Functioning gonads
  • Early/Late puberty
  • Menstrual problems
  • Menopause
49
Q

Two types of hormones in Gonadotropin

A

leutinizing hormone and Follicle-stimulating hormone

50
Q

Function of Leutinizing hormone in girls

A

menstrual cycle and ovulation

51
Q

Function of FSH in boys

A

sperm production (constant amount)

51
Q

Function of Leutinizing hormone in boys

A

Stimulate production of testosterone by leydig cells

52
Q

Function of FSH in girls

A

mens & eggs by ovaries

53
Q

Produced by lactotrophs, with single chain

A

Prolactin

53
Q

closely related to GH and HPL

A

Prolactin

53
Q

“Stress hormone”

A

Prolactin

54
Q

Direct effector

A

Prolactin

55
Q

Can be stimulated by TRH or
Estrogen

A

Prolactin

56
Q

Highest levels of Prolactin (time)

A

4-8am and 8-10pm

57
Q

With 2 monocovalently subunits

A

Thyrotropin

57
Q

A glycoprotein

A

Thyrotropin

58
Q

What are the two monocovalently subunits of Thyrotropin

A
  • αlpha
  • βeta
58
Q

Travels to thyroid gland then adds iodine = T3, T4

A

Thyrotropin

58
Q

92 amino acid sequence (same w/ LH, FSH, HCG)

A

αlpha monocovalent subunit

59
Q

with 118 amino acids and specific info to the binding receptors of hormonal activities

A

βeta monocovalent subunit

60
Q

Hormone to activate Cortisol

A

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) “Corticotropin”

60
Q

Also called Corticotropin

A

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

61
Q

single chain polypeptide

A

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

62
Q

Peak of ACTH

A

6-8am

62
Q

Low levels of ACTH at?

A

6-11pm

63
Q

Immunometric using mono/polyclonal Abs
- 0.1-0.2 mU/L sensitivity

A

2nd gen

64
Q

Specimen in ACTH should have no contact with?

A

NO CONTACT WITH GLASS

65
Q

RELEASE only hormones (do not produce)

A

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

65
Q

Oxytocin & ADH are? (hint: what peptide?)

A

Nonapeptides

65
Q

Radioimmunoassay

A

1st gen

65
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by?

A

supra optic cells & Paraventricular cells of the hypothalamus

66
Q

with corner protein (associated)

A

Oxytocin

67
Q

Other term for Contraction of uterus

A

Fergusson reflex

67
Q

Oxytocin is produced due to:

A
  • Birth canal (stimulate)
  • Touch receptor of the breast (for milk flow)
67
Q

Muscle contraction during delivery & lactation

A

Oxytocin

68
Q

Emotional influence of oxytocin

A

“Cry of a Hungry baby”

68
Q

Oxytocin also has effects on (PRIC)

A

Pituitary, Renal, Immune function, and Cardiac

69
Q

Two hormones under neurohypophysis

A

Oyxtocin and Antidiuretic hormone

70
Q

No known disease!

A

Oxytocin

71
Q

Act on Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct (CD) of kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

72
Q

How does the ADH conserve body water?

A

by constricting the blood vessels

73
Q

ADH is stimulated by:

A

Low BP, Hypovolemia, fright, pain, nicotine, narcotics, barbiturates, and increase plasma osmolality

74
Q

ADH is inhibited by? (ADA)

A

alcohol. Dilantin, α-agonists

75
Q

Maximum for ADH

A

> 295mosm/kg

76
Q

Coupled with Adenylate cyclase and induced aquaporin-2 insertion in the tubular luminal membrane

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

77
Q

ADH def./Hypothalamus

A

Neurogenic

77
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is decreased in?

A
  • Diabetes insipidus
  • Neurogenic
  • Nephrogenic
77
Q

Kidney receptors impaired

A

Nephrogenic

78
Q

Low specific gravity and >2L/day urine

A

Diabetes insipidus

78
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is increased in?

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

79
Q

Increased SIADH is due to? (BriTTLe)

A

brain injury, trauma, tumors, lung cancer

80
Q

Increase ADH without stimuli

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

80
Q

Increase water retention, hypo-osmolality, hyponatremia

A

Increased SIADH

CC2 (lab)- Endocrinology (2 decks)

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