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CC2 (lab)- Endocrinology > Pineal-Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Pineal-Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Pinecone-shaped, attached to midbrain

A

Pineal Gland

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2
Q

Converts Serotonin to Melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

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3
Q

This hormone is for sexual development and sleep/wake cycle

A

Melatonin

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4
Q

Functions of Melatonin

A
  • Reduce skin pigmentation
  • Anti-oxidant along with vitamin C
  • Controlled by Nerve stimuli
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5
Q

Location of Hypothalamus

A

Located at the base of the brain

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6
Q

Source of tropic hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

This goes to other endocrine glands

A

tropic hormones

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8
Q

What organ controls the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland by? (2pts)

A

Neurosecretory and Neurostimulation

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9
Q

State the functions of the Hypothalamus

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Rate & force of heart beat
  • Digestive tract motility
  • Rate and depth of breathing
  • Pleasure, Fear, Rage
  • Body temp
  • Hunger, Satiety, Sleep cycle
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10
Q

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus (6 pts)

A

1- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
3. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
4. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
5. Somatostatin
6. Dopamine

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11
Q

– a tripeptide

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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11
Q

Goes to pituitary gland ->TSH -> T3T4

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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12
Q

Identify based on amino acids:

a) 44 amino acids
b) 10 amino acids
c) 41 amino acids
d) one w/ 14 amino acid and one with 28 amino acid

A

a) 44 amino acids- Growth hormone-releasing hormone
b) 10 amino acids- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
c) 41 amino acids- Corticotropin-releasing hormone
d) one w/ 14 amino acids and one with 28 amino acids- Somatostatin

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13
Q

Goes to the pituitary gland -> growth hormone

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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14
Q

Released at onset of puberty (for sexual development)

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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15
Q

Goes to pituitary gland -> LH, FSH -> Estrogen, Testosterone

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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16
Q

Somatostatin inhibits?

A

Inhibits GH and TSH

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17
Q

Somatostatin can also be produced by?

A

Pancreas and Intestine

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18
Q

Acts on the anterior lobe of PG

A

Somatostatin

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19
Q

Derived from tyrosine

A

Dopamine

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20
Q

Two active forms of Somatostatin

A

one w/ 14 amino acid and one with 28 amino acid

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21
Q

Acts -> cells -> anterior lobe of pituitary gland -> ACTH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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21
Q

Dopamine inhibits the release of?

A

prolactin from the anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland (PG)

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22
Cells of Pituitary Gland:
- Lactotrophs - Somatotrophs - Thyrotrophs - Corticotrophs - Gonadotrophs
23
means to “Spit mucus”
Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)
24
Functions of Pituitary Gland (4pts)
growth, metabolism, milk production, and pregnancy
25
Cells of PG for the production of prolactin
Lactotrophs
26
Cells of PG for the production of LH & FSH
Gonadotrophs
27
Cells of PG for the production of ACTH
Corticotrophs
28
Cells of PG for the production of TSH
Thyrotrophs
28
Cells of PG for the production of Growth hormone
Somatotrophs
29
Extension of forebrain
Neurohypophysis
30
Storage for ADH & Oxytocin
Neurohypophysis
30
From neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
Neurohypophysis
30
Thin layer of cells produces Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Intermediate lobe of pars intermedialis
31
No pituitary function
Panhypopituitarism
31
Parapituitary hypothalamic tumors
Hypopituitarism
31
pituitary tumors
Hypopituitarism
32
Produce large hormones, more complex than hypothalamus
Adenohypophysis
32
Shock of pregnant girl at time of delivery
Sheehan’s syndrome
33
Modifiers of Growth Hormone
- Exercise, Sleep - Arginine - Sex steroids - alpha-agonist drugs - Beta-blockers - Hypoglycemia
33
Other term for Sheehan’s syndrome
Pituitary ischemia
34
Tests for Growth hormone
1) Insulin tolerance resistance 2) Arginine Stimulation test
35
gold standard/Confirmatory for Growth hormone
Insulin tolerance resistance
36
2nd confirmatory test for Growth hormone
Arginine Stimulation test
36
Excess of Growth hormone results in?
Acromegaly, Gigantism (Tumor in PG)
37
Tumor in PG
Gigantism
37
Overall metabolic effect of Growth hormone
Conservation of Glucose (inversely related to glucose)
38
How many amino acids does somatotropin have?
191 amino acids
38
Other term for Growth hormone
Somatotropin
39
Most important for growth & most abundant
Growth hormone
40
Growth hormone is structurally related to?
Prolactin and Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)
41
Calcium retention on bones
Growth hormone
41
Onset of sleep (2-3 hours peak)
Growth hormone
42
for Internal organ development
Growth hormone
42
for function of pancreas & gluconeogenesis
Growth hormone
43
Causes of calcium retention on bones
- Mineralization of bones - Protein synthesis, Lipolysis
44
Gonadotropin is inhibited by?
Inhibin A
44
Hormones under Adenohypophysis
1) Growth hormone 2) Gonadotropin 3) Prolactin 4) Thyrotropin 5) Adenocorticotropic hormone
45
For the production of breast milk
Prolactin
46
4th marker of Down syndrome
Inhibin A
47
If Gonadotropin is decreased it results to?
sterility
47
Gonadotropin acts on ________ of ovarian follicles to produce Androgens, Estrogens, Progesterone
thecal cells
48
Gonadotropin is used to evaluate?
- Infertility (with other hormones) - Functioning gonads - Early/Late puberty - Menstrual problems - Menopause
49
Two types of hormones in Gonadotropin
leutinizing hormone and Follicle-stimulating hormone
50
Function of Leutinizing hormone in girls
menstrual cycle and ovulation
51
Function of FSH in boys
sperm production (constant amount)
51
Function of Leutinizing hormone in boys
Stimulate production of testosterone by **leydig cells**
52
Function of FSH in girls
mens & eggs by ovaries
53
Produced by lactotrophs, with single chain
Prolactin
53
closely related to GH and HPL
Prolactin
53
"Stress hormone”
Prolactin
54
Direct effector
Prolactin
55
Can be stimulated by TRH or Estrogen
Prolactin
56
Highest levels of Prolactin (time)
4-8am and 8-10pm
57
With 2 monocovalently subunits
Thyrotropin
57
A glycoprotein
Thyrotropin
58
What are the two monocovalently subunits of Thyrotropin
- αlpha - βeta
58
Travels to thyroid gland then adds iodine = T3, T4
Thyrotropin
58
92 amino acid sequence (same w/ LH, FSH, HCG)
αlpha monocovalent subunit
59
with 118 amino acids and specific info to the binding receptors of hormonal activities
βeta monocovalent subunit
60
Hormone to activate Cortisol
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) "Corticotropin"
60
Also called Corticotropin
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
61
single chain polypeptide
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
62
Peak of ACTH
6-8am
62
Low levels of ACTH at?
6-11pm
63
Immunometric using mono/polyclonal Abs - 0.1-0.2 mU/L sensitivity
2nd gen
64
Specimen in ACTH should have no contact with?
NO CONTACT WITH GLASS
65
RELEASE only hormones (do not produce)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
65
Oxytocin & ADH are? (hint: what peptide?)
Nonapeptides
65
Radioimmunoassay
1st gen
65
Oxytocin and ADH are produced by?
**supra optic cells** & **Paraventricular cells** of the hypothalamus
66
with corner protein (associated)
Oxytocin
67
Other term for Contraction of uterus
Fergusson reflex
67
Oxytocin is produced due to:
- Birth canal (stimulate) - Touch receptor of the breast (for milk flow)
67
Muscle contraction during delivery & lactation
Oxytocin
68
Emotional influence of oxytocin
“Cry of a Hungry baby"
68
Oxytocin also has effects on (PRIC)
Pituitary, Renal, Immune function, and Cardiac
69
Two hormones under neurohypophysis
Oyxtocin and Antidiuretic hormone
70
No known disease!
Oxytocin
71
Act on Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct (CD) of kidneys
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
72
How does the ADH conserve body water?
by constricting the blood vessels
73
ADH is stimulated by:
Low BP, Hypovolemia, fright, pain, nicotine, narcotics, barbiturates, and increase plasma osmolality
74
ADH is inhibited by? (ADA)
alcohol. Dilantin, α-agonists
75
Maximum for ADH
>295mosm/kg
76
Coupled with Adenylate cyclase and induced aquaporin-2 insertion in the tubular luminal membrane
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
77
ADH def./Hypothalamus
Neurogenic
77
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is decreased in?
- Diabetes insipidus - Neurogenic - Nephrogenic
77
Kidney receptors impaired
Nephrogenic
78
Low specific gravity and >2L/day urine
Diabetes insipidus
78
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is increased in?
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
79
Increased SIADH is due to? (BriTTLe)
brain injury, trauma, tumors, lung cancer
80
Increase ADH without stimuli
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
80
Increase water retention, hypo-osmolality, hyponatremia
Increased SIADH

CC2 (lab)- Endocrinology (2 decks)

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