pilot guide

Question 1

Uncertain breathing

Answer 1

a situation where a 2nd party caller is uncertain, unsure, indefinite, or ambiguous when asked if an unconscious person is breathing

Question 2

Agonal breathing

Answer 2

an ineffective, deteriorating breathing pattern that lingers after the heart has essentially stopped pumping blood to the brain

Question 3

Not breathing situations

Answer 3

• not breathing at all
• UNCERTAIN BREATHING
• hanging
• strangulation
• COMPLETE obstruction
• drowning arrest (out of water)
• Underwater (non-specialized rescue)
• narcotic/opioid arrest

the following when offered in response to “tell me exactly what happened” or any listend entry questions

Question 4

First Law of Fainting

Answer 4

Near fainting is best described as “almost fainted” and should be considered the same as fainting (not just dizzy)

Question 5

Heart Attack Symptoms

Answer 5

• aching pain
• chest pain/discomfort
• crushing discomfort
• heaviness
• numbness
• pressure
• tightness

Question 6

adbominal pain rule 1.

Epigastric pain in cardiac age range is….

Answer 6

considered a “heart attack” until proven otherwise

Question 7

c

cardiac age range

Answer 7

Females 45 and up
Males 35 and up

Question 8

abdominal pain rule 2.

Abdominal pain in a female of child-bearing age who has fainted

Answer 8

is considered an ectopic pregnancy until proven otherwise

Question 9

abdominal pain rule 4.

Non-traumatic groin pain in male patient is

Answer 9

considered a testicular torsion condition until proven otherwise

Question 10

abdominal pain rule 5.

Pain described at the navel

Answer 10

should be considered below the navel

Question 11

abdominal pain rule 6.

Abdominal pain/cramping anytime during pregnancy

Answer 11

should be considered contractions until proven otherwise

Question 12

abdominal pain axiom 1.

True abdominal pain, except in unusual cases,

Answer 12

is not considered a prehospital emergency

Question 13

abdominal pain axiom 2.

severity of the pain

Answer 13

is not related to the severity of the problem

Question 14

swarming attack

Answer 14

an active attack by a swarm of stinging bees, wasps, hornets etc.

Question 15

protocol 2 rules

a history of severe allergic reaction to the same type of substance

Answer 15

should warrant staying on the phone to determine if the patients conditioning is worsening

Question 16

if the caller asks wether the patient should be given their medication

Answer 16

the EMD should only give instructions included in the protocol

Question 17

Serious hemorrhage

Answer 17

uncontrolled bleeding from any area, or anytime the caller resports “serious bleeding”

Question 18

non-recent

Answer 18

six hours or more have passed since the incident or injury occurred

Question 19

superficial injuries

Answer 19

minor, usually shallow wounds without priority symptoms, even in dangerous or possibly dangerous areas

Question 20

only recognized method of airway control and why

Answer 20

1.head-tilt
2.EMD should protect life over limb

Question 21

if a spinal injury is suspected in a breathing patient and PAIs are not neccessary,

Answer 21

PDIs may be enhanced by encouraging the pt not to move and by advising the rescuer to use their hands to stabilize the pt’s head and neck

Question 22

non-traumatic

Answer 22

not primarily caused by an external physical injury

Question 23

Non-traumatic back pain associated with fainting in pt’s 50 and up

Answer 23

should be considered to be a disecting aortic aneurysm until proven otherwise

Question 24

First Law of Chest or Back Pain

Answer 24

“hurts to breathe” is not considered difficulty or abnormal breathing

Question 25

difficulty speaking between breaths

Answer 25

• unable to complete a full scentence without taking a breath
• only able to speak a few words without taking a breath
• breathing attempts that severely hinder crying in infants and small children

Question 26

changing colour

Answer 26

• ashen
• blue
• cyanotic
• gray
• mottled
• purple

Question 27

First Law of Burns

Answer 27

if someone is burned something must be burning

Question 28

significant facial burns

Answer 28

a burn to the face caused by explosion, fire, or gases

Question 29

minor burn

Answer 29

a burn that is trivial, non-threatening and is not a cause for immediate concern

Question 30

EMDs First Law of Safety

Answer 30

don’t create more victims at the scene

Question 31

EMDs Second Law of Safety

Answer 31

Don’t get it on you or even touch it

Question 32

EMDs Third Law of Safety

Answer 32

one patient down, trouble around?
two patients down, conincidence found
three patients down, danger abounds

Question 33

HAZMAT

Answer 33

any incident involving a gas, liquid, or other material that, in any quantity, poses a threat to life, health or property

Question 34

For recreationl inhalation of potentially harmful substances go to

Answer 34

Protocol 23

Question 35

Brock’s Law

Answer 35

The presence of an AED does not ensure the use - the EMD does

Question 36

Second Law of Chest Pain

Answer 36

a little chest pain may be as bad as a lot

Question 37

chest pain due to trauma

Answer 37

go to protocol 30

Question 38

a patient 35 and over with chest pain/discomfort is

Answer 38

considered to be having a heart attack until proven otherwise

Question 39

conditions that also constitute Hx of heart attack or anginan in the dispatch environment

Answer 39

• angioplasty
• coronary artery stents
• bypass surgery

Question 40

COMPLETE obstruction

Answer 40

total obstruction of the upper ariway that prevents
* talking
* breathing
* coughing

Question 41

PARTIAL obstruction

Answer 41

complaints include but are not limited to:
* forceful coughs
* wheezing sounds between breaths
* abnormal breathing
* difficulty speaking normally

Question 42

a healthy child found in cardiac arrest is

Answer 42

considered to have a foreign body airway obstruction until proven otherwise

Question 43

instruct the caller to try an obstructed airway maneuver

Answer 43

only if the victim of a PARTIAL obstruction begins to faint

since the patient can no longer make efforts to clear their own airway

Question 44

First Law of Ground Level Falls

Answer 44

the fall is the “chicken”; the arrest, it’s “egg”

Question 45

EMD’s First Law of Scene Helpers

Answer 45

always assume there is a pillow or other object behind the patient’s head unless you know otherwise

Question 46

Frenza’s Law

Answer 46

a thing not looked for is seldom found

Question 47

Deluca’s Law

Answer 47

EMD’s will follow all the protocols per se, avoiding freelance questioning ir information unless it enhances, not replaces, the written protocol questions and scripts

Question 49

Law of concurrent Priorities

Answer 49

the EMD must weigh the cocurrent priorities of obtaining a useful location, helping the caller get to safety, and caring for the patient

Question 50

First Law of Medical Dispatch

Answer 50

first, do no harm

Question 51

Second Law of Medical Dispatch

Answer 51

when in doubt, send them out.
(always err in the direction of patient safety)

Question 52

Third Law of Medical Dispatch

Answer 52

dont be in doubt so much

Question 53

Fourth Law of Medical Dispatch

Answer 53

the science of medical dispatch requires the non-discrentionary compliance to protocol