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social area > piliavin > Flashcards

piliavin Flashcards

1
Q

what was the background

A

kitty genovese

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2
Q

kitty genovese

A
  • took place in the early hours of 13th of march 1964
  • 38 respectable law abiding citizens watched a killer stalk and stab a woman in 3 separate attacks.
  • the sound of voices and sudden glow of bedroom lights interrupted him an frightened
  • not one person phoned the police during the assault.
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3
Q

what was the previous research into bystander apathy

A

darley and latane

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4
Q

darley and latane

A
  • participants were invited into a lab in order to talk about ‘personal problems’
  • participants in the bystander effect experiment were talking to a number of unknown others.
  • they were told that the discussion would take place over an intercom
  • using the discussion, one member of the group would suddenly appear t be having an epileptic seizure.
  • experimenters measured how long it took for the participants to get help
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5
Q

bystander apathy/bystander effect

A

where people fail to act and help someone in need when others are present

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6
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

when there is a victim and lots of bystanders, each individual takes less responsibility so no one helps, they all think someone else will help. each individual perceives the responsibility of helping to be shared amongst everyone who is present

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7
Q

altruism

A

the unselfish concern for other people, doing things simply out f a desire to help, not because you feel obligated to, loyalty or religious reasons. it involves acting out of concern for the well-being of others

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8
Q

research method

A

field experiment.
takes place in a natural setting

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9
Q

independent variables for victim

A

VICTIM: drunk or ill, black or white
MODEL: intervened early

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10
Q

independent variables for model

A

MODEL:
-intervened early (70seconds after the victim collapsed) or intervened late (150 seconds after the victim collapsed)
- intervened from the critical area or the adjacent area

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11
Q

dependent variables. what did obsersever 1 note

A
  • race, sex, location of every passenger seated or standing in the CRITICAL AREA.
  • the total number of individuals in the carriage
  • the total number of people who came to the victims aid
  • the race, sex, location of every helper
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12
Q

dependent variables. what did obsersever 2 note

A
  • race, sex, location of every passenger in the ADJACENT AREA
  • the latency (how delayed) of the first helpers response after the victim had fallen or after the model had gone to the victims aid
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13
Q

who were the participants

A
  • passengers were in the 8th avenue subway express train in New York.
  • they did not know they were taking part.
  • over 1-3 trials
  • the observers recorded about 4,450 men and women in the carriages
  • the mean number of people per carriage was 43
  • racial composition of a typical carriage was about 45% black and 55% white
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14
Q

sampling method

A

opportunity sampling

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15
Q

aims

A
  • would it make a difference if the victim was perceived to be drunk or ill
  • would it make a difference if the victim was black or white
  • would it make a difference to the behaviour of those witnessing the emergency if someone ‘modelled’ helping the behaviour in front of them
  • would there be a relationship between levels of helping behaviour and the number of people witnessing the emergency
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16
Q

procedure

A
  1. the study took place daily on weekdays from 11a to 3pm over 3 months from 15th April 1968 to 26th June 1968.
  2. 4 teams of students each made up of a victim, model and 2 observers would board the train and the approximately 70 seconds inti the journey, the victim who always stood next to the pole in the centre of the end section of the carriage would stagger forward and collapse.
  3. until he received help, he would remain lying on the floor looking up at the ceiling
  4. the emergency situation was staged 103 time, with between 6-8 trials being run by each team of students on a given day
  5. after carrying out a trial with the train going in one direction, the students would then disembark and cross over to another platform to be able to Carr out the next trial on a train going in the opposite direction.
  6. all 4 of the students playing the role of the victim were male and were identically dressed in an Eisenhower jacket, old trousers and no tie ages between 26 to 35, 3 were white and 1 was black.
  7. on 38 trials, the victim smelled of alcohol and carried a liquor bottle wrapped tightly in a brown bag (drunk condition)
  8. on 65 trials the victim appeared sober and carried a black cane.
  9. there was also someone described as the ‘model’ who was always a white male aged between 24 and 29 and wore informal clothes.
  10. there were 4 model conditions and these affected which part of the carriage they stood in.
  11. the other two people In each team were the obersevers who were all female and took seats in the adjacent area, recording data by nearby passengers sitting next to them
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17
Q

4 model conditions

A
  • critical area early
  • critical area late
  • adjacent area early
  • adjacent area late
18
Q

critical area early

A

the model stood in the critical area and assisted the victim approximately 70 seconds after he collapsed

19
Q

critical area late

A

the model stood in the critical area 150 seconds after he collapsed

20
Q

adjacent area early

A

the model stood in the middle of the adjacent area 70 seconds after he collapsed

21
Q

adjacent area late

A

the model stood in the middle of the adjacent area 150 seconds after he collapsed

22
Q

quantitative findings

A
  • 90% of our first helpers were males
  • the participants helped spontaneously on 62/65 ill trials compared to 19/38 drunk trials
  • 109 second delay for the drunk victim
  • median time- 5 seconds to help ill victim
  • sight tendency for the helper to help victims of the same race in the drunk condition but overall, no real difference
  • model did not have an effect on the level of helping
  • victims were helped faster when 7 or more male passengers were in the same carriage.
23
Q

qualitative findings

A
  • the observers recorded comments made by the passengers on the train
  • more often, the comments were made by females
  • more comments were made by passengers in the drunk condition than the cane condition and most of these were made when no help was given within the first 70 seconds
  • “it is for the men to help him”
  • “I wish I could help, im not strong enough”
24
Q

conclusions

A
  • an individual who appears to be ill is more likely to receive help than one who appears to be drunk
  • men are more likely to help than a woman
  • there is some tendency for the same-race helping, especially if a victim appears to be drunk rather than ill
  • helping comes quickest and in greatest numbers when there are more witnesses present (i.e. the diffusion of responsibility was not observed).
  • the longer an emergency continues without help being offered, the less impact a model has on the helping behaviour of others, the more likely it is that individuals will leave the immediate area and the more likely it is that observers will make comments in relation to their own behaviour.
25
Q

how did piliavin attempt to explain the findings

A

a model of response to emergency situations

26
Q

model of response to emergency situations

A
  • oberservation of an emergency creates in the bystander an emotional arousal state which the observer finds unpleasant
  • the level of arousal will be higher
  • the level of arousal can be reduced
  • the response that is chosen will be a function of a code-reward analysis
27
Q

when will the level of arousal be higher

A

-the more observer can empathise with the vicim
- the closer the observer is to the emergency
-the longer the state of emergency continues without the intervention of a helper

28
Q

ways in which the level of arousal can be reduced

A
  • helping directly
  • going to get help
  • leaving the scene of the emergency
  • rejecting the victim as undeserving of help
29
Q

what are the costs of helping

A

effort, embarrassment, possible physical harm

30
Q

what are the costs of not helping

A

self blame and perceived censure from others

31
Q

what are the rewards of helping

A

praise from victim, self and others

32
Q

what are the rewards of not helping

A

continuation with other activities

33
Q

validity

A
  • high levels of ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY as the scenario created can be seen as fairy true to life. it took place in a setting where millions of people use everyday and is not implausible for someone to collapse
  • however ecological validity could be questioned as the victim fell in a dramatic manner (i.e. falling down in the centre of his particular part in the carriage and looking up at the ceiling). which might be seen as fairly unusual and appearing to be drunk at 11am would be less common than appearing to be drunk at 11pm.
34
Q

reliability

A
  • HIGH INTERNAL RELIABILITY: ran a large number of trials, 103 trials; they can be fairly confident that they have established a consistent effect.
    ran 65 tries in the ill condition and the victim was helped spontaneously on 62 occasions which suggests that it is a reliable and consistent finding that someone collapsing because they appear ill is likely to be helped.
    although they would have liked more trials to have been run in the drunk condition, however a total of 38 trials is sufficient enough to establish that a victim collapsing under such circumstances is much less likely to receive help from their fellow passengers than if he appeared to be ill.
  • however, they didn’t have enough results in relation to the other independent variables to establish consistent effects as the results they report could have been distorted by fluke or anomalous occurrence.
  • HIGH EXTERNAL RELIABILITY: sample size of 4450 is large enough to establish a consistent effect
35
Q

sample

A
  • sample size of of particiants 4450 can be seen large enough to establish a consistent effect and reisbke finding.
  • the ethnic diversity of the sample helps back up the claim that the findings from the study are generalisable to w wide cross section of the city (45% black, 55% white).
  • however, there are many different types of people who are unlikely to be represented in their sample such as children, people who work full time and people with disabilities, making the study lack generalisability as the study is only telling us about the behaviour of urban-based people.
36
Q

ethnocentrism

A
  • although piliavins study was carried out within one city in one country, it can be argued that it is not ethnocentric as New York is such a heterogeneous city.
  • however, only 45% of the people were black and 55% were white which confirms that the findings are not of relevance to people from one ethnic group alone.
  • however, while the sample of particiants may have had different racial origins, they all lived within the same culture, for this reason it could be argued to still only tell us about the behaviour of America people inn response to people in need.
37
Q

how does piliavin link to the free will/determinism debate

A
  • the results suggest that in a situation in which someone collapses beause of illness, it is highly likely that people will go to their aid. However, as the ‘drunk’ victim only received spontaneous help on 50% of occasions, witnesses clearly have control over their behaviour and make their own decision as to whether to help or not,
  • as it is determined that people will help out when someone appears to be ill, what is unclear is what the determining factor might be.
  • piliavin suggests that it is determined by a combination of psychological and cognitive factors (arousal, followed by a cost reward calculation) while it is possible that situational factors which is the confined nature of the setting could have played a part.
  • however as they didn’t manipulate the setting of the experiment as an independent variable, this can only be a speculation.
38
Q

how does piliavins study link to reductionism/holism

A
  • the model of responses to emergency situations that piliavin developed to explain their results can be seen as holistic, in the sense that it is taking account of a range of different factors (physiological and cognitive), rather than just explaining helping behaviour as the result of one factor alone.
  • however, It can be argued that their model is reductionist as it misses out other reasons why people might help, such as kindness and an altruistic desire to help another person, simply because they are in need.
39
Q

how does piliiavins study link to psychology as a science

A
  • good example of inductive research as the theory that piliavin developed about how people behave when witnessing an emergency (their model of response to emergency situations) was developed from the data they had collected, and was very much an attempt to explain what they had seen.
  • this is the opposite of deductive research, in which the theory is developed first and then research is carried out to see if the theory is confirmed by the evidence
40
Q

how does piliavins study link to areas/perspectives

A
  • falls within the SOCIAL AREA because they were investigating the impact that other people have on our behaviour and in particular, whether the likelihood of someone helping out in an emergency situation is increased or decreased by the known presence of the other witnesses to the event.
  • it could be argued to be slightly BIOLOGICAL because of the suggestion that observation of an emergency will create in the bystander an emotional arousal state which the observer will find unpleasant. the suggestion is that this is something that will go on within our bodies, that we won’t have any control over the and this will help to determine how we act.
  • COGNITIVE element because of the emphasis on cost reward calculation as determine how witnesses to emergencies act to get rid of their arousal; although they dont say anything definitive about the degree to which this is consciously done, the suggestion that actions are influenced by a mental calculation clearly implies a cognitive component to their model
41
Q
A

social area (2 decks)

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