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AHPS > Pigs > Flashcards

Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

What are some current challenges to the Aus pig industry

A
  • loop holes in import laws: can’t import anything on the bone or any raw products but people get around it by importing and then processing here
  • recent problem with oversupply
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2
Q

Where does Aus export pork to?

A

mostly NZ but some offal goes to Singapore.

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3
Q

How are pigs priced/graded at sale?

A
  • Mostly by carcass weight
  • Sub-cut fat at the “P2” level is used as an indicator of overall fat content. Measured at last rib… >12mm will = 30c less per kg (Aus is a lean meat market).
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4
Q

Factors that can effect the profitability of an enterprise:

A

Main input cost = FEED
-factors effecting the price and availability of grain
2nd biggest cost = LABOUR
Other factors:
- competition with other proteins/meats
- imported processed meats
- seasonal demand and low fertility season clash = higher prices.

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5
Q

Main sources of costs for raising a piglet:

A
  • health costs
  • sow feed (must be really good, esp, for gilts)
  • genetics/replacements
  • capital costs
  • piglet feed
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6
Q

Benefits of an indoor housing system:

A
  • increased Feed Conversion Efficiency due
    to:
    • less wastage
    • more time spent in thermoneutral zone
  • reduced labour
  • better repro performance (part due to temp
    control)
  • increased growth and consistency of herd
  • less environmentally damaging (effluent
    control, top soil damage)
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7
Q

Location of farms:

A
  • have to be a certain distance away from towns due to smell (easier to get a permit for an ecoshelter as smell is less)
  • need to have access to utilities (environemental control)
  • need to be close to abbatoire or processing plant to reduce transport costs.
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8
Q

Different types of enterprise (ages etc)

A

They might have all life-stages on farm but this is less common as you need lots more space and the management needs of all stages are v different.
** more common is an “all-in, all-out system” with just 1 age group

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9
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

When all the inputs, products and outputs for a production system are owned by the same company. e.g. contract growers for poultry and pigs.

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10
Q

Different types of ventilation

A

80s: natural ventilation, open and closing vents based on temp. no fans.

Tunnel ventilation (in colder climates, v expensive to run)
common now: Mechanical ventilation (popular for weaners)
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11
Q

Why is temp regulation important

A
  • thermoneutral zone has big effect on FCE and repro success
  • good temp= increased voluntary feed intake
  • temp needs are v different for each life stage
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12
Q

Ideal temp ranges for piglets, weaners, sows:

A

Piglets:
Weaners:
Sows:

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13
Q

How is the different temp needs of lactating sows and piglets addressed?

A 
Need to create micro-climates in farrowing shed:
- creep space
- heat mats
- non-slatted floor 
- heat lamps 
to keep piglets warmer

Drip cooling and fans to cool sows.

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14
Q

What are important factors to consider in designing the sheds and pens?

A
  • flooring
  • litter choice
  • thermoregulation
  • feeder/drinker design (flow rate and height)
  • stocking density and group size (will effect growth, welfare, aggression etc)
  • management ease
  • enrichment (sight barriers, litter to play with)
  • microenvironments?
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15
Q

indoor systems: Flooring types

A

slatted: good for effluent draining and cooling
concrete: less cold than slats, more comfortable. needs to be enough of this that all can comfortably lie down at the same time.

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16
Q

For what period are farrowing crates used

A

Sows are in this area for about 4 weeks of a reproductive cycle.
(last week of pregnancy + 3 weeks lactation)

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17
Q

Why are piglets vulnerable to hypothermia?

A

-born with no fat stores, just a small amount of glycogen in the liver

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18
Q

What is an ecoshelter?

A

Covered, bedded system where pigs live in one large enclosure covered in a plastic tunnel.

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19
Q

Key features of an ecoshed?

A
  • solid floor with deep bedding (needs to be
    clean and dry)
  • large group size (no internal pens): possible issue with large social group??
  • uses tunnel ventilation
  • usually about 420 pigs per shed
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20
Q

What kinds of bedding/flooring can be used in an ecoshelter?

A 
Bedding:
- barley straw: more absorbant than wheat!
- rice hulls: good for liquid 
  waste but can be dusty and have 
  endotoxins
Floor:
- impacted clay or soil (probs with 
  biosecurity)
- concrete might be better but more 
  expensive)
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21
Q

Pros and cons of ecoshelters:

A

+ves:

  • less smelly
  • straw= enrichments
  • 1/3 price of set up of traditional sheds
  • spent bedding = goof fertiliser
  • ves:
  • solid effluent system
  • bedding needs to be changed heaps
  • more space per pig needed due to large group size
  • harder biosecurity
  • large groups= management challenges
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22
Q

Outdoor systems: what types?

A

little houses where sows can get out but piglets cant

  • shelters and purpose built wallows
  • often side-line to dairy or grain business
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23
Q

Challenges with outdoor systems:

A
  • temp control
  • biosecurity
  • top soil damage and erosion
  • **pigs should be moved once there is less than 60% ground cover left.
  • effluent management
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24
Q

Repro stages for a sow:

A

Mating: 1 week joining period (2x AI in a
week to maximise chances)
Pregnancy: 16 weeks (3 months, 3 weeks, 3
days or 115 days)
Lactation: 3-4 weeks. (longer in outdoor 4-6)

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25
Q

Life stages for a grower piglet:

A

Piglets: 0-3/4 weeks
Weaner: 4-10 weeks
Grower: 10-16 weeks
Finishers: 16+

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26
Q

Gilt life stages:

A

Gilts:
Puberty: 24-27 weeks
1st mating: 30 weeks
1st farrow: 46 weeks (about 10 months)

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27
Q

Ideal temperature for a sow and piglet:

A

Sow: 16-22 c
Piglet: 28-30 c

28
Q

Differences between repro success of gilts vs sows:

A

Gilts have:

  • smaller litter
  • less immune transfer
  • poorer lactation
29
Q

What is minimum lactation length?

Why?

A

21 days. Less time than this= poorer condition at service, low weaning weight for piglets, failure of uterus to involute (difficult to get in pig again”).

30
Q

normal joining period

A

1 week (will have AI x2 in this period)

31
Q

Common breeds:

How to recognise, qualities:

A

Berkshire: black with white bits, outdoor, traditional breed

Duroc: good growers but not great mums (terminal breed sire)

Landrace: floppy ears, good grower (dad of F1?)

Large white: ears up, good mums (mum of F1?)

F1 are really good mothers

32
Q

Measures of productivity:

A
  • “productive days”
  • post-wean mortality
  • Hard feed conversion efficiency (HFCE)
33
Q

What periods are considered “productive days” for a sow?

A

Gestation (115) + Lactation (21) + WSI (7)= approx 150 days

34
Q

how many repro cycles should a sow have per year?

A

about 2.6

35
Q

what is WSI

A

weaning-service interval (the week between weaning of her piglets and getting next round of AI.

36
Q

Ideal goal for number of “un-productive days” per year

A

45

37
Q

What periods contribute to “un-productive” days?

A

Entry-1st service interval
Wean- 1st service interval
Conception failure or pregnancy loss
Wean-cull interval

38
Q

other than prod/unprod days, what are other measures of reproductive productivity?

A

ultimately comes down to piglets weaned/sow/year (>25 ideally).

A factor of litters/year/sow and pigs weaned/litter

39
Q

Measures that effect pigs weaned/litter

A
  • total born/litter
  • born alive/litter (mummies and still births <8%)
  • pre-wean deaths (<10%)
40
Q

What cross makes an F1

A

Landrace (dad) X LW (mum)

F1 (gilts)

41
Q

common TBS for F1’s

A

Duroc boars

42
Q

if F1 gilts are being brought in from a nucleus herd, how long should quarantine be?

A

6-8 weeks (this contributes to entry-1st service interval)

Gives you a chance to get them ready in good condition and cycling (boar exposure)

43
Q

How should boar exposure be carried out?

A

Frequently but for short durations.

Daily for 20 minute periods

44
Q

Why does seasonal infertility occur?

A

foetuses produce 2 signals to tell body its pregnant. One or both of these signal fails at certain times of year = lose pregnancy earlier

45
Q

When does seasonal infertility occur

A

first 16 weeks of the year (christmas to easter)

46
Q

What is effected by seasonal infertility? what is NOT effected?

A

Effected:
lower farrowing rate, increased/irregular return to cycling after mating, more abortions, more NIPs, more wean-oestrus interval.

NOT effected:
litter size

47
Q

what is an SEW

A

segregated early weaning facility… can help to improve use of farrowing shed. off-site early weaning systems can help reduce disease and increase average number of litters/year

48
Q

How can gilt puberty onset be altered?

A
  • boar exposure
  • stocking density
  • nutrition
  • season
49
Q

Some key goals for gilt performance:

A
  • gilts non-cyclic (not yet mature) by 30-32 weeks: <5%
  • age of 1st service: 30 weeks
  • weight at 1st service: >130kg
  • first litter size: >10.5
50
Q

What vaccines are commonly given before 1st service?

A

PPV, E. Coli, Erysipelas, Leptospirosis

Should be given 4 weeks apart both BEFORE gilts 1st service.

51
Q

How can the weaning-1st service interval be reduced for a gilt?

A
  • good lactation nutrition (diet and factors effecting VFI)
  • post-weaning boar stim
  • stocking density
  • wean early if sow is struggling (pressure sores)
52
Q

VFI

A

Voluntary feed intake:

  • frequency
  • wet food
  • drinker design
  • temp (22 ish)
  • pellets vs ground meal
53
Q

Factors that effect litter size:

A
  • parity
  • servicing on second cycle
  • genetics
54
Q

What is significant about day 35 of gestation?

A

Skeletal calcification: abortion before this= foetus resorption, after this= mummified piglets.

55
Q

What happens if embryos die between 17-35 days?

A

Irregular return to oestrus, after day 35 will get mummies.

56
Q

What happens at day 70 of gestation?

A

Piglet foetuses are immunocompetent.

57
Q

What stimulates release of oxytocin and subsequently ovulation?

A

boar presence, pressure on back

58
Q

still birth vs abortion vs mummified

A

still born: Cause of death occurs during farrowing (e.g. gets stuck)
Mummified: death after 35 dyas
abortion: before 35 days (will be resorbed.

59
Q

when is farrowing taking too long?

A

> 45min between births need to intervene. can give oxytocin to trigger contractions but that wont help if they are stuck.

60
Q

Vaccination protocol for gestation

A

22-24 weeks before farrowing: PLE
4 weeks later : PLE booster

9 weeks before farrowing: E coli

2-3 weeks before farrowing: PLE

these all cause foetal death so need to give during lactation

61
Q

PLE

A
  • Parvovirus
  • Leptospirosis
  • Erysipelas
62
Q

leading cause of piglet death

A
  1. overlay
  2. small/weak (<800g)
  3. starvation or exposure
63
Q

feeding of piglets

A

teat hierarchy
sow grunt= oxytocin in piglets
cross-fostering might be necessary

64
Q

Milk production

A

about 12L per sow per day… about 1L per piglet

65
Q

Effect of parity on piglet outcomes:

A 
Too low:
- infectious diarrhoea
- lower litter size
Too high:
- more overlays
- more still births (sow size and litter size cause this)
- sows start to get huge
- more blind teats.
66
Q

Pig colostrum

A

only made until afterbirth is delivered.

only good 24 hours

67
Q

Ideal temperatures for different life-stages:

A 
lactating sow: 16-20
piglets (DOB): 30-34
piglets: 28-30
weaners: 22-28
growers: 20
finishers: 18
Dry sows: 16-18

AHPS (4 decks)

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