Pigs Flashcards
1.4KG BW generates
12.03 euros net profit
1.0KG BW generates
Loss of 2.54 euros
2023 Culling rate, sow mortality, feed/sow/year
54% culling, 8.4% mortality, 1.41t/sow/year
Flat rate feeding
at weaning 2.25-2.5 FI, lactation( 112d) 3.2-3.5
Protein requirement in late pregnancy
30g/ day, 7-15 fold increase
Protein deposition at conception
90g/day, 10-20 fold increase
Consequence of high feeding
Increased metabolic clearance progesterone, decreased plasma progesterone concentrations
Feeding during 25-50 days of pregnancy
2.5 kg/day = 840ADG, 2.49 FCE
Maintenance=
0.42BW^ 0.75
1 degree decrease below critical temperature
increase feed intake by 4%
Lysine requirements : Gilts, Sows
Gilts: 14g/day Sow: 10g/day
Replacement % of gilts
21%
age of gilts
220-230 days
weight of gilts
130-140kg
Backfat of gilts at P2
16-18mm
When do you mate gilts
third oestrus
Feed gilts before mating?
2.5-4kg quality diet, 13MJ/DE, 8g lysine
high level of feeding affects colostrum levels?
239
Low level of feeding affects colostrum levels?
200
Feed intake of sow requirement
2kg for sow and 0.5 for every piglet
sow and 12 piglets requires?
8kg/day
Every 10kg maternal weight loss in lactation=
loss in 0.5 piglets/ litter and increase in weaning to service interval
how much weight sow lose in lactation
no more than >12% of BW
Every kg increase in weaning weight=
less days to slaughter by 6.25days
backfat at farrowing
High= 24 Low=16.5
Farrowing house temperature, UCT sows and UCT piglets
UCT sows=18-20 degrees UCT piglets=34 degrees
Each 1 degree increase in temp above sow UCT =
2.4 MJ/DE decrease in feed intake
Wet feeding has what % feed intake higher then dry feeding
15%
Components of sows milk, DM, Crude protein, fat and lactose?
DM= 19-20%
Protein=5-6%
Fat=10.1%
lactose= 4.9%
how many litres does a sow have a day?
12-14 litres
how often does milk let down occur?
once every hour( 24 let downs a day) for 15-30 seconds
4kg of milk supplies?
1kg of growth
no cages and crates by?
2027
what % of deaths occur in first week of piglets life
90%
how many piglets are born dead
8%,
piglets born of a weight of 900g have a survival rate of
42-50%
Irish herds 2023:
number pigs born alive?
number born dead?
mortality?
number pigs/sow/year
born alive:14.94
born dead:1.15
mortality:11.3
number/sow/year:27.9
types of stillbirths?
1= postpartum(20%)
2= intrapartum (80%)
Intrapartum occurs when
pH is of 6.69 and when sows have had many parity
what % die before day 3 of life
63%
when does hyperthermia occur in piglets?
when their body temp drops below 37 degrees (normal body temp is 39)
what does creep feeding do?
affects live weight of piglet and forms digestive tract helping cope with trauma of weaning
Increases productivity of HCL and pepsin
average intake of creep feed per litter?
3kg
do piglets produce enough Hydrolic acid ?
NO
what % of creep feed is milk based
40-50% ( skim milk and whey)
what age does a piglet generate its own immunity
2.5/3 weeks of age
what does the small intestinal wall support
production of enzymes and absorption of nutrients
feed intake has a direct effect on?
barrier function
GIT=
gastro intestinal tract
disease status reduces feed intake by?
13%
Pigs weaned at an older age have a higher Feed intake:
at 22 days FI=
at 28 days FI=
22 days= 363g
28 days= 423g
to reach a 7kg pig how much do they need to be eating a day and how long does it take to reach this?
140g/ day maintenance, 5-6 days
after weaning how long does villous become stunted for?
5-6days
which height do you want to be better crypt to villous?
crypt lower (112 killed at weaning)
villous higher (626 killed at weaning)
what % of variation of villous height is affected by DMI
82%
higher digestibility=
higher feed intake
how long does is take pigs to get to pre weaning weight?
16 days
physical limits to feed intake=
1- digestibility coeifficent
digestiblity= 0.87 for intake of 1000g/day
digestiblity= 0.77 for intake of 565g/day
EU guideline for SR
15.5SR- 0.185 sq m per pig
Transfer weight?
38kg at 13 weeks ( second stage weaner)
creep formulation commerical=
DE=
lysine=
fat=
fibre=
DE=16.7 MJ/kg
lysine= 1.65%
fat= 10%
fibre= 1.4%
how much space do you need for ad lib feeding?
15cm
how many pigs will one water nipple supply?
10, 3 feed apart
how fast a min should water be for weaners and growers?
weaners= 500ml/min
growers=700ml/min
temperature for weaned pigs (1st stage)
28-30 degrees then decrease by 2 degrees after one week
second stage weaner temperature ?
22 degrees
SR for second stage weaner
0.33 sq m per pig
weight of second stage weaner range?
18-38kg
weight at weaning and target growth rate/ day
7.4kg GR of 250g/day
weight at 1st stage to second stage and target growth rate/ day
18.9kg GR of 550g/day
weight at 2nd stage to third stage and target growth rate/ day
38kg GR of 800g/day
FCR
food conversion ratio= amount of feed it takes to put on 1kg of growth
cost goes into finisher pig?
61%
FCR for finisher ?
2.5 : 1
age 22 weeks- body weight and GR
weight= 106.4
GR= 1000g/day
age 23 weeks- body weight and GR
weight= 113.4
GR= 1000g/day
growth represents:
accumulation of lean and fat
efficiency represents:
maximising lean while maximising fat
why maximise lean?
paid on basis of 54% lean meat
every +/- 1% lean = +/- 2.5c/kg
composition of lean ?
water=
protein=
fat=
water=74-76%
protein=20-22%
fat= 4%
composition of fat?
water=
protein=
fat=
water= 10%
protein= 2%
fat= 88%
energy requirement for lean tissue?
11.85 MJ/ME
energy requirement of fat tissue
48 MJ/ME
which is more efficient lean or fat?
lean tissue is 4 times more efficient to lay down than fat tissue
feeding accounts for what % of pig production?
70-75%
casturated pigs are how much less at laying down lean tissue
15%
protein deposition in modern pig?
17.1% of GR / 171g/day
pigs retain how much N
33.6%
N output in pigs
66.4%
how many g of lysine needed per kg growth rate
25g
how many g of ideal amino acids needed
20g
level of lysine decreases as pig gets older ? why ?
true because level of feed intake decreases with age
factors affecting performance ?
health status, breed, feed, feed curve
from weights 6-113kg what is the comparison of a healthy vs not healthy pig?
reduction of 12% of feed intake
venturing effect?
tail biting
SR for 115kg pig
1 m2
SR for 110kg pig
0.85 m2
restricted feeding: 100kg pig requires?
295 mm
Ad lib feeding: 100kg pig requires?
75mm
which process is triggered in sows during lactation when there is a decrease in blood glucose?
breakdown of glycogen, fat and protein
every sow in Ireland currently produces?
2.5 tonnes pigment/ year
gilts should be selected at younger than bacon weight….
to allow better bone growth, build up of fat levels, slower growth not being on a high spec finishing diet
EU country highest number of pigs?
Denmark
lactating sow with 12 piglets would have a DE requirement of
17o MJ/ day
high plane of feeding to sows during lactation causes ?
increased insulin levels during lactation which is positively related to LH levels during mid and late lactation
modern sow genetics compared to older sow genetics?
smaller size due to selective breeding for leaner meat
what reduction in feed intake if house increases from 18 degrees to 27 degrees?
1.2kg/day and 19.2 MJ/day
correct statement?
fatter sows at farrowing have lower feed intakes during lactation, loose more of their reserve and are less prolific at next parity
vertical integrated pork production system?
all stages of the chain are owned by a single organisation
high plane feeding to sows in early pregnancy causes
decreased plasma progesterone and decreased embryo survival
a typical sow lactation diet should contain which levels of DE and lysine
14.0-14.5 MJ DE and 1.0-1.1% lysine
ovulation in sows occurs ?
at 90% through the duration of oestrus
number of non productive days for a sow should not exceed?
33 days
what pig breed carries the halothane gene and what disadvantage ?
pietrain and PSS
lactating sow with 13 piglets will have a lysine requirement of ?
93g/day
how much water should a sow get a day
20 litres/ 5 gallons
how much pigment produced 2023 and who is the largest producer?
122.1/t and china
