Pigments Flashcards
List the Endogenous pigments
Hemoglobinogenic
Proteinigenic
Lipidogenic
Explain Hemosiderosis
This is a form of iron overload disorder this result in the accumulation of hemosiderin and this is formed by Ferritin. Under a light microscope as golden-yellow to brown, granular pigment. Found in mononuclear phagocytes of the bone marrow, spleen, lungs and liver. Hemosiderin is ferric iron that can be demonstrated by Prussian blue reaction.
This is associated with diseases which chronic blood loss requires frequent blood transfusions: blood transfusions, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. This is called (systemic hemosiderosis).
Local hemosiderosis= is due to internal blood loss i.e haemorrhage
Hemochromatosis= This is a genetic disorder due to the overload of iron
Under a microscope Hemosiderin is golden-yellow
Bruise colour
Explain Jaundice
This is when the bilirubin content serum is elevated. There a 3 classifications of Jaundice:
Prehepatic jaundice= This is when there is an excessive amount of red blood cell that require to be broken down, this prevents the liver to conjugate bilirubin so it cannot get rid of it, due to the build up this causes hyperbilirubinemia.
Disorders associated with prehepatic jaundice are Leukemia, Sickle cell anemia, genetic defect
Intrahepatic Jaundice= This is the dysfunction of the hepatic cells to conjugate bilirubin. The colour of the liver is yellow-green. This is associated with alcoholic liver disease
Post-hepatic Jaundice= This refers to obstruction to the biliary drainage Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble and is excreted in the urine. The liver is dark green. Disorders are Gall stones, Pancreatic tumour compression
Explain Melanin
This is a brown pigment found in skin, eyes , hair , adrenal medula.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone describes a group of hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and skin cells. It is important for protecting the skin from UV rays, development of pigmentation and control of appetite.
There are five basic types of melanin: eumelanin (brown/black ),
pheomelanin (range of yellowish to reddish colors. Pheomelanins are particularly concentrated in the lips, nipples, glans of the penis, and vagina.),
neuromelanin, allomelanin and pyomelanin
Localised hypopigmentation: a) leucoderma is a partial albinism and is an inherited
disorder; b) vitiligo is hereditary local hypopigmentation of the skin, c) acquired focal hypopigmentation from various causes such as leprosy, healing of wounds, syphilis, radiation dermatitis.
https://www.yourhormones.info/
hormones/melanocyte-stimulating-hormone/
Lipidogenic pigments
include lipofuscin and lipochrom. Lipofuscin is an insoluble lipid
pigment presented in cells of elderly persons and those with mulnutrition or a chronic
wasting disease.
• It is a brown intracellular pigment found in hepatocytes, cardiocytes, and neurons.
• Organs containing large amounts of lipofuscin are deep brown; in the heart, this is referred
as brown atrophy.
What are Exogenous pigments
These type of pigments can be inhaled such as arbon or coal dust; others are silica or stone dust, iron or iron oxide, asbestos and various other organic substances.
or ingested such as tattooing or Argyna is chronic ingestion of silver compounds. Chronic lead poisoning may produce the characteristic blue lines on teeth. Carotenemia is yellowish-red coloration of the skin caused by excessive ingestion of carrots.
what is the significance of mineral metabolism
Minerals play an active role in metabolic processes of the human organism. They are components of structural elements of cells, enzymes, hormones, vitamins, and pigments.
The most frequent disturbances in medical practice are in the metabolism of calcium, copper, potassium, and iron.
What are the 2 types of calcium metabolism
Dystrophic calcification= This is the deposition of calcium in the body in areas where it has been injured. such as Necrotic tissue or tissues undergoing slow degenerations
Metastatic calcification= is deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissue, because of elevated serum levels of calcium, which can occur because of deranged metabolism as well as increased absorption or decreased excretion of calcium and related minerals, as seen in hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, osteomalacia , vitamin D intoxication
What test is used to identify calcium
Staining with H&E demonstrates calcium salts as deeply basophilic, (purple) irregular and granular clumps. For identification of calcium salts we usually use special reaction called silver impregnation method or Kossa’s method. Calcium deposits are stained black.
List the other minerals
Potassium=Hyperkalemia this can be found in Addison’s disease associated with the lesion of the adrenal cortex, the hormones of which regulate electrolyte exchange.
Potassium deficiency characterizes periodic paralysis; hereditary disease for which attack of weakness and motor paralysis are typical. The importance of K= is associated with the lesion of the adrenal cortex, the hormones of which regulate electrolyte exchange.
Potassium deficiency characterizes periodic paralysis; hereditary disease for which attack of weakness and motor paralysis are typical.
Copper= This appears in Wilson-konovalov disease, Copper accumulates in the liver, brain, kidneys, cornea (in the cornea it looks like green- brown ring on its margin of the cornea), in the pancreas, testes, etc.
• The state is characterized by development of liver cirrhosis, degenerative symmetrical changes in the brain in the area of lens nuclei, caudal body, pale globe, and cortex.
• Copper blood plasma amount is decreased but is increased in the urine.
• There are 3 forms of the disease: hepatic, lenticular, hepatolenticular.
• The outcome is unfavorable.
