Pig Anatomy Flashcards
the immovable, fibrous joints between the skull bones
Sutures of the skull
the cartilaginous joint joining the
right and left mandibular bodies.
symphysis of the mandible
the synovial articulations
between the bones of the hyoid apparatus and between the
thyrohyoid bone and the cranial cornu of the thyroid cartilage
joints of hyoid apparatus
a condylar joint between the
condyles of the mandible and the mandibular fossae of the
temporal bones.
temporomandibular joint
or tarsal joint; a compound hinge type of synovial joint. It is a composite joint articulation like the carpal joint, allowing flexion and extension.
Hock Joint
What are the three separate articulation of hock joints?
tibiatarsal joint, intertarsal joint, tarsometatarsal joint
between the lateral condyle of the ulna and the head of
the fibula
tibiofibular
How many patellar ligament do pigs have?
Only one.
the articulation between the patella and trochlea of the femur. It has a spacious joint capsule.
femoropatellar joint
the articulation between the femoral condyles and tibia (and the interposed menisci)
femorotibial joint
or genual articulation. The compound
joint between the femur and patella and the femur and
tibia. It is a condylar joint which acts like a hinge joint
with a little rotation.
stifle joint
or coxofemoral articulation. The
ball-and-socket type of synovial joint
between the head of the femur and the
acetabulum of the hip bone.
hip joint
The relatively
immovable articulation between the wings
of the sacrum and ilium.
sacro-iliac joint
the articulations between the
metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges, including the
palmar sesamoid bones. It is a modified hinge joint allowing
extension and flexion
metacarpophalangeal joint
a saddle type of synovial joint
between the proximal and middle phalanges
proximal interphalangeal joint
the saddle type of synovial joint
between the middle and distal phalanges
distal interphalangeal joint
medial and lateral collateral ligaments stabilize the
sides of all metacarpophalangeal and phalangeal joints
ligaments
articulations
between the proximal ends of the
metacarpal bones.
intermetacarpal joints
between the distal radius and ulna and
the proximal row of carpal bones. There is a lot of movement in this
joint.
antebrachiocarpal joint
between the two rows of carpal bones. It communicates with the carpometacarpal joint. Although less than the antebrachiocarpal joint, it also has a lot of movement.
middle carpal joint
between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpal bones. It communicates with the middle
carpal joint. There is very little movement in this joint.
carpometacarpal joint
plane joints between the individual carpal
bones
intercarpal joints
a hinge type of synovial joint, allowing flexion and extension with some lateral movement. It
consists of three main joints – antebrachiocarpal, middle carpal and carpometacarpal.
carpal joints
between the distal radius and
ulna. It is part of the antebrachiocarpal joint with
which it shares a joint capsule
distal radioulnar joint
Is a hinge (ginglymus) type of synovial joint allowing
flexion and extension. It is also a compound joint
formed between the humerus, the radius, and the
ulna.
elbow joint
a ball-and-socket (spheroid) type synovial joint between the
glenoid cavity and the humeral head. It has a loose joint
capsule with non true collateral ligaments.
Shoulder Joint, Glenohumeral or scapulohumeral joint
What are the movements of joints?
❖ FLEXION
❖ EXTENSION
❖ DORSAL AND VENTRAL FLEXION
❖ ABDUCTION
❖ ADDUCTION
❖ CIRCUMDUCTION
❖ ROTATION
❖ UNIVERSAL
the contraction of muscles
crossing a joint and the shape of the joint produce its
characteristic movements
Classification by movement of joints
Plane Joint
Arthrodial
Ball and Socket Joint
Spheroidal
Hinge Joint
Ginglymus
pivot joint
trochoid
articulations with two
articulating bones
simple joints
articulations with more
than two bones articulating (e.g. stifle)
compound joints
What are the three classification of synovial joints?
- Number of articular surfaces
- Shape of articular surfaces
- Particular function of the joint
a structure similar to a bursa that wraps completely around a tendon. It reduces friction between the
tendon and underlying bones
Synovial Sheath
sac containing lubricating fluid but in pigs the term is often used to describe a fibrous lump beneath the kin covering bony prominences, caused by constant pressure
bursa
a plate of fibrocartilage partially or
completely dividing a joint cavity. It functions to allow a greater
variety of motion and alleviate concussion
meniscus or disc
a unique feature of synovial joint. It is little more than a potential
space containing a trace of synovial fluid.
joint cavity
What is extracapsular ligaments?
ligaments developing outside of or as part of the joint
capsule
located within the joint capsule
intracapsular ligaments
strong bands of white fibrous connective tissue uniting bones. They function to keep joint surfaces in apposition and still allow movement. They are usually
inelastic
ligaments
the translucent, bluish-tinged cartilage, usually hyaline,
covering the articular ends of bones. It reduces the effects of concussion and
friction by its compressibility, elasticity and smoothness
articular cartilage
the viscous liquid produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint,
supply nutrients, remove waste from the hyaline articular cartilage. It has the consistency of
raw egg white.
synovial fluid
the inner lining of the fibrous layer. It is highly vascular,
nerve-rich, and produces synovial fluid
synovial membrane
the white and yellow elastic fibrous part of the joint capsule. It
attaches to the periosteum on or near the margin of the articular cartilage. Its
thickness varies from joint to joint and within each joint.
fibrous layer
the two-layered structure surrounding the joint, made of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane
joint capsule
what are the features of diarthroses?
a joint cavity
mobility
articular cartilage
synovial membrane
fibrous capsule
the fibrocartilaginous (or possibly hyaline cartilaginous) joints that occur on the midline of the body.
Although they may or may not ossify with age, they always
limit the motion of the joint.
symphysis
a fibrous joint uniting
two bones by a sheet of fibrous connective tissue
ligamentous joint or syndesmosis
a joint connected by either connective tissue or fibrocartilage
slightly movable joint or amphiarthrosis
The fixed tight
union allowing little or no movement and having great
strength.
Immovable Joints or Synarthrosis
a fibrous joint between the skull bones. They may
ossify with age.
Suture
parieto-temporal joints
Squamous (edges overlap)
frontal joint
Serrated (edges are irregular)
nasal joint
Harmonious (edges are straight)
articulation united by fibrous tissue, allowing little or no movement, as in suture or
syndesmosis. These are often temporary joints that later
ossify (synostosis).
fibrous joint
articulation united by fibrocartilage,
hyaline cartilage, or both, as in a synchondrosis or a
symphysis. These also can be slightly movable or
immovable.
cartilaginous joint
bones surrounding the brain forming the cranial cavity.
Cranium
paired frontal and parietal bones in the most domestic species
roof of the cranium
caudal aspect of the skull formed by the occipital bone
occipital region
lateral walls of the cranium formed by the temporal bones
temporal region
ventral aspect of the cranium formed primarily by
the unpaired sphenoid bone
floor of the cranium
rostral aspect of the cranium formed by the
unpaired ethmoid bone
rostral wall of the cranium
together with the frontal bone forms the roof of
the cranial cavity in all domestic animals, except the ox and pig
parietal bone
rostral part of the roof of the cranial cavity in
most domestic species. In the ox and pig, it forms the entire roof
frontal bone
bones of oral region?
incisive, maxillary, palatine and the mandible surrounding the oral cavity
bones of nasal region?
nasal, maxillary, palatine and incisive bones surrounding the nasal cavity
bony socket holding the eye formed by portions of the frontal, lacrimal, palatine, sphenoid, and zygomatic bones
orbital region
along with the cranial part of the frontal bone form the osseous roof of the nasal cavity
nasal bones
lateral part of the face and the part of the hard palate holding the upper cheek teeth
maxillary or maxilla
rostral bone holding the upper incisors (front teeth)
incisive bone
forms the hard palate, along with the maxillary and incisive bones
palatine
cranial part of the zygomatic arch
zygomatic bone or malar bone
the medial surface of the orbit
lacrimal bone
a scroll of bone located in the nasal cavity
ventral nasal concha
small, paired bones in the caudal part of the
nasopharynx
pterygoid bones
unpaired bone forming part of the osseous nasal
septum
vomer
the large bone articulating with the skull that supports all the lower teeth
mandible
It is found only in the horse and cats. In other species like the pig, it is present in the fetus but then fuses with surrounding bones
before birth.
interparietal bones
unique bone found in the nose of the pig
rostral bone
bony socket holding the eye
orbit
depression in the medial margins of the orbit. It collects tears and sends them through the lacrimal canal which opens into the nasal cavity.
lacrimal fossa
the rostral opening of the infraorbital canal, located in the maxillary bone
infraorbital foramen
the paired structures lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra
occipital condyles
ventral projection near the occipital condyles
paracondylar process
the large opening caudal to the zygomatic arch where the external ear attaches
external acoustic meatus
located caudal to the external acoustic meatus. It is an attachment site for muscles
mastoid process
the caudal process of the occipital bone
external occipital protuberance
the transverse ridge at the transition from the dorsal to the caudal (nuchal) surfaces of the skull
nuchal crest
the depression formed by the temporal and
parietal bones
temporal fossa
the rostral bony opening into the nasal cavity
nasal aperture
extends rostrally from the external occipital
protuberance on the midline (absent ruminants).
median sagittal crest
the large opening into the cranial cavity for continuity of the spinal cord and brain
foramen magnum
the smooth bulbous enlargement on the ventral side of the temporal bone housing the middle ear
tympanic bulla
the area on the zygomatic arch for articulation with the articular process (condyle) of the mandible
mandibular fossa
the passageway for the optic nerve from the eyeball to the brain. It is rostral to many other foramina that allow passage of other cranial
nerves.
optic canal
the two bony openings at the caudal end of the
hard palate, leading from the nasal cavity into the pharynx
choanae or caudal nares
the horizontal parts of the incisive, palatine and the maxillary bones, separating the nasal and oral cavities
hard palate
found in ruminants and pigs, is the joining of the
round and orbital foramina of other species
foramen orbitorotundum
flat bone forming the skeleton of the shoulder
scapula
longbone forming the skeleton of the upper arm or brachium
humerus
two long bones w/c together form the skeleton of the forearm
radius and ulna
The skeleton of the manus consist of?
carpus, metacarpus, digits
a long bone, which forms the
skeletal of the thigh
femur
long bones which form the skeleton of the leg, in pigs they are not fused
tibia and fibula
large sesamoid which develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
patella
skeleton of the pes consist of
tarsus, metatarsus, digits
skeleton of the pes consist of
- Tibial tarsal
- Fibular tarsal
*Central tarsal - Tarsals 1,2,3 and 4
It is largest bone of the face. It carries the lower
teeth. It articulates with the squamous temporal bone on either side by condyles
mandible
situated between the vertical parts of the rami of the mandibles. It is attached on the either side to the styloid process of the petrous temporal bone by rods of cartilage
hyoid
What are the three structures that hyoid supports?
root of the tongue, pharynx, larynx,
