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1
Q
A

Cycads: sago palms

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2
Q
A

Senna spp.: Sicklepod (muscle degeneration)

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3
Q
A

Coffee senna (muscle degeneration)

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4
Q
A

Toxic senna seeds

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5
Q

toxin of senna plants

A

quinones (exact toxin unknown)

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6
Q

Mechanism of action of senna toxicity

A

Inhibits cytochrome oxidase leading to muscle degeneration

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7
Q

Species affected by senna toxicity

A

cattle > pigs >> horses

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8
Q

Senna toxicity clinical signs

A
  1. coffee colored urine
  2. elevated muscle enzymes
  3. hyperkalemia
  4. poor wt gain and feed consumption
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9
Q

How does senna toxicity differ in horses compared to cattle?

A

Horses succumb to liver degeneration sooner than muscle degeneration. Frequently die suddenly.

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10
Q

Senna toxicity diagnosis

A

Muscle degeneration of myocardium and hindlimbs on necropsy

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11
Q

Top differentials for senna toxicity

A

ionophore toxicity, strychnine, selenium/vit E toxicosis

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12
Q

Senna toxicity treatment

A

no specific treatment. Usually ineffective once down

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13
Q
A

White snakeroot (eupatorium rugosum)

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14
Q
A

White snakeroot (eupatorium rugosum)

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15
Q
A

Ergot

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16
Q
A

Tall fescue (infected with endoohyte causing summer slump and fescue foot)

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17
Q
A

Black walnut (laminitis in horses; similar signs as chocolate/cannabis in dogs)

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18
Q
A

St. Johnswort (primary photosensitizer)

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19
Q
A

Alfalfa (primary photosensitizer)

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20
Q
A

Hairy Vetch (primary photosensitizer)

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21
Q
A

Mexican poppy (mechanical injury to skin)

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22
Q
A

Mexican poppy

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23
Q
A

Poison Ivy (chemical injury to skin)

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24
Q
A

Poison ivy

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25
Poison sumac (chemical injury to skin)
26
Stinging nettle (chemical injury to skin)
27
Pine (isocupressic acid causes abortion)
28
Yellow clover (phytoestrogens cause abortion)
29
Flowering lupine (anagyrine = teratogenic (cleft palate, arthrogryposis); poison hemlock & tobacco produce same toxin
30
Veratrum spp. False hellebore (cyclopamine in lambs if ingested 14-16 d of gestation)
31
Veratrum spp. False hellebore
32
Foxglove (cardiac glycoside; principle toxin = digitoxin)
33
Foxglove (cardiac glycoside; principle toxin = digitoxin)
34
Lily of the valley (cardiac glycoside; principle toxin = convallerin)
35
Oleander (cardiac glycoside; principle toxin = similar to digitalis)
36
Oleander (cardiac glycoside; principle toxin = similar to digitalis)
37
Oleander (cardiac glycoside; principle toxin = similar to digitalis)
38
Milkweed (cardiac glycoside = cardenolides; neurotoxin = galitoxin)
39
Milkweed (cardiac glycoside = cardenolides; neurotoxin = galitoxin)
40
Milkweed (cardiac glycoside = cardenolides; neurotoxin = galitoxin)
41
Kalanchoe (cardiac gycoside & bufadienolides)
42
Kalanchoe (cardiac gycoside & bufadienolides)
43
Taxus spp: Yew (cardiac taxine A&B)
44
Taxus spp: Yew (cardiac taxine A&B)
45
Gossypol (iron chelater: anemia & pale streaking of heart + infertility)
46
Poison Hemlock (neurotoxin = coniine; teratogenic)
47
Poison Hemlock (neurotoxin = coniine; teratogenic)
48
Water hemlock (cicuta): Neurotoxin = cicutoxin (resinoid)
49
Water hemlock (cicuta): Neurotoxin = cicutoxin (resinoid)
50
Eastern black nightshade: neurotoxin = solanine
51
tropical soda apple: neurotoxin = solanine
52
Eggplant: neurotoxin = solanine
53
Jerusalem cherry: neurotoxin = solanine
54
Common horsetail: neurotoxin = thiaminase enzyme
55
Yellow jessamine: alkaloid neurotoxin
56
Yellow jessamine: alkaloid neurotoxin (glycine receptor agonist)
57
Jimsonweed: tropane alkaloid neurotoxins (atropine and scopolamine)
58
Jimsonweed: tropane alkaloid neurotoxins (atropine and scopolamine)
59
Jimsonweed: tropane alkaloid neurotoxins (atropine and scopolamine)
60
Locoweed: **swainsonine + miserotoxin (nitrotoxin, 3-nitroproprionic acid) + selenium accumulators**
61
Locoweed: **swainsonine + miserotoxin (nitrotoxin, 3-nitroproprionic acid) + selenium accumulators**
62
Creeping indigo: 3-nitropropionic acid or 3NP (neuro) + Indospicine (ulcerations)

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