Pictures Flashcards
Contrast the locations of 3 endemic mycotic infections in immunocompromised
- histo: Mississippi and Ohio River Valley
- blasto: central US (overlap w/ histo) + upper Midwest and Great Lakes
- coccidioidomycosis: SW US, central Cali, northern Mexico, S. America
Coagulase negative staph
GPCs = staph and strep
catalase positive = staph
coagulase positive staph = S. aureus
coagulase negative staph = Staph epi, staph saprophyticus
Barium esophagram of achalasia vs. esophageal spasm
EKG findings of hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia: shortened ST segment causing short QT, also widened/flattened T-wave
Then hypocalcemia has the opposite => prolonged QTc due to long ST
Describe the 3 main gene mutations in sequence seen in colorectal cancer
(a) Most ubiquitous mutation
- Inactivation of APC- which allows adhesion
(a) 70% of sporadic colorectal cancers have mutated APC. (also the gene mutated in FAP) - Mutation in KRAS
- p53 mutation (tsg)
Most common type of prostate cancer
(a) MC location
Most prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas (from the glandular tissue)
(a) 70% are in the peripheral zone of the prostate, only 10% in the zone around the urethra (compressive symptoms)
How to classify high, intermediate, low risk prostate CA
Gleason score = histologic grade from two samples added together
6 or below = low risk
7 = intermediate risk
8 or above = high risk
MC cancer in men ages 20-34
(a) Comes from what cell in particular
Testicular cancer
(a) Comes from the germ cell (spermatozoa), much less common to come from Leydig or Sertoli cell
Function of Leydig vs Sertoli cells
Leydig cells respond to LH and secrete testosterone which stimulates spermatogenesis (and controls secondary sex characteristics)
Sertoli cells respond to FSH (and tesosterone) to pump out spermatozoa
Two things secrete by Sertoli cells
Sertoli cells (respond to FSH), located in the seminiferous tubule, produe
- androgen-binding protein (binds to testosterone to keep it at high concentration in the seminiferous tubule)
- inhibin which negatively feedbacks to anterior pituitary to reduce further FSH release
Diagnosis?
Hodgkin’s lymphoma- multinucleated Reed Sternberg cells in tons of inflammatory cells
- HL = specific type of B cell lyphoma w/ classic giant “owl-eye” on histology
- Presents w/ large rubbery lymph node and/or B-symptoms
How to stage lymphomas
Based on location of nodal involvement
Stage I- single node involved
Stage II- two nodes on same side of the diaphragm
Stage III- nodes on both sides of the diaphragpm
Stage IV- extralymphatic spread
How to stage CLL? (2 main things)
Presence of
(1) other cell lines down: anemia (indicating more bone marrow involvement) gets you a stage III, thrombocytopenia stage IV
(2) lymphadenopathy/ hepatosplenomegaly
Diagnosis?
Smudge cells = abnormally fragile lymphocytes typically seen in CLL
