Match the following terms to the examples in questions 17-20. You can use the terms once, multiple times, or not at all. 17. Can utilize mammalian placenta 18. phagocytotic cells 19. Avoiding potentially infected conspecifics 20. Requires selection of B Lymphocytes a. Passive immunity b. Active immunity c. Innate immunity d. Adaptive immunit

17. Placenta - Passive Immunity 18. Phagocytotic- Innate Immunity 19. infected conspecifics- Innate immunity 20. B Lymphocytes- Adaptive immunity

Physiology Test 3 Key Flashcards by Kalen Matthews

Which of these hypothalamic-pituitary axes has the least amount of fluctuation in a healthy adult animal?

a. Adrenal

b. Gonadal

c. Thyroid

Thyroid

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Which of these is NOT involved in hormonal regulation of seasonal breeders?

A) Melatonin
B) Retinal Cells
C) Cortisol

Cortisol

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If a patient’s blood panel shows high levels of T3 and T4, low levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), and high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), what is the most likely cause?

a. Hypersecreting tumor on the pituitary

b. Hyposecreting tumor on the pituitary

c. Hypersecreting tumor on the hypothalamus

d. Hyposecreting tumor on the hypothalamus

Hypersecreting tumor on the pituitary

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If a patient’s blood panel shows high levels of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), high levels of luteinizing hormone, and low levels of testosterone, what is the most likely cause?

a. Hypersecreting tumor on the pituitary

b. Hypersecreting tumor on the hypothalamus

c. Hyposecreting tumor on the hypothalamus

d. Hyposecreting tumor on the testes

hyposecreting tumor on the testes

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If a patient’s blood panel shows high levels of cortisol, high levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and low levels of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), what is the most likely cause?

a. Hypersecreting tumor on the pituitary

b. Hyposecreting tumor on the pituitary

c. Hypersecreting tumor on the hypothalamus

d. Hyposecreting tumor on the hypothalamus

a. Hypersecreting tumor on the pituitary

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Changes in the environmental photoperiod (day length) have the largest effect the ___ axis

a. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

b. Hypothamic-pituitary-thyroid

c. Hypothamic-pituitary-gonadal

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Increased blood glucose is an effect of activating the ___ axis

a. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

b. Hypothamic-pituitary-growth

c. Hypothamic-pituitary-gonadal

a. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

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Which of these is paired correctly?

a. Insulin increases blood glucose to normal and glucagon decreases blood glucose to normal

b. Insulin decreases blood glucose to normal and glucagon increases blood glucose to normal

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Eating a meal higher in protein results in relatively stable blood glucose because

a. Both glucagon and insulin are released

b. Protein does not change blood glucose

c. Protein results in glucagon release rather than insulin release

a. Both glucagon and insulin are released

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Which of these is an advantage of a harsh (high stress) early environment?

a. High parental investment

b. Increased reproductive success

c. Resistance to famine

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Obtaining Ca2+ from the labile pools is a result of

a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

b. Calcitonin

c. Vitamin D

a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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Which organ uses Vitamin D to obtain more calcium?

a. Kidneys

b. Bones

c. Intestin

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Which of these is correct?

a. Luteinizing hormone acts only on testes, follicle stimulating hormone acts only on ovaries

b. Luteinizing hormone acts only on ovaries, follicle stimulating hormone acts only on testes

c. Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone both act on ovaries and testes

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Match the following terms to the appropriate phrases in questions 14-16. You can use the terms once, multiple times, or not at all.

a. T cell

b. B cell

c. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

secreting antibodies
helps in identifying self
can come in direct contact with target cells

secreting- B Cell
Identifying Self- MHC
Contact with target cells- T Cell

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Match the following terms to the examples in questions 17-20. You can use the terms once, multiple times, or not at all.

Can utilize mammalian placenta
phagocytotic cells
Avoiding potentially infected conspecifics
Requires selection of B Lymphocytes

a. Passive immunity

b. Active immunity

c. Innate immunity

d. Adaptive immunit

Placenta - Passive Immunity
Phagocytotic- Innate Immunity
infected conspecifics- Innate immunity
B Lymphocytes- Adaptive immunity

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What do helper T cells NOT activate?

a. Antigen presenting cells

b. Cytotoxic T cells

c. B cells

a. Antigen presenting cells

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Dysfunction of which of these causes autoimmune disease?

a. Cytotoxic T cells

b. Class I major histocompatibility complex

c. Enzyme activity

b. Class I major histocompatibility complex

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The complement system ultimately destroys invader cells by

a. Lysis

b. Phagocytosis

c. Preventing replication

a. Lysis

The various processes for excreting nitrogenous waste are a trade-off between

a. Using more water or more energy

b. Having higher accuracy or higher efficiency

c. Retaining osmolytes or having to make osmolytes

a. Using more water or more energy

Increasing which of these will increase the net filtration pressure?

a. Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule

b. Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure

c. Glomerular capillary blood pressure

Which portion of the nephron is MOST permeable to water? Assume there haven’t been any alterations due to the action of hormones, etc.

a. Distal limb

b. Descending limb of the loop of Henle

c. Proximal limb

d. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

b. Descending limb of the loop of Henle

Which portion of the nephron secretes toxins and drugs

a. Distal limb

b. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
c. Proximal limb

d. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

c. Proximal limb

Which signaling molecule can cause low potassium if the organism has chronically low sodium?

a. Aldosterone

b. Vasopressin

c. Natriuretic peptides

a. Aldosterone

When comparing freshwater and marine fishes, which of these is true?

a. Only freshwater fishes use their gills to excrete nitrogenous waste

b. Both marine and freshwater fishes use their gills to transport and balance NaCL

c. Both marine and freshwater fishes lack a glomerulu

b. Both marine and freshwater fishes use their gills to transport and balance NaCL

Which of these acts by trafficking aquaporins into the nephron? a. Renin b. Aldosterone c. Vasopressin

c. Vasopressin

Vasoconstriction in the afferent arteriole kidney would a. Decrease glomerular filtration rate b. Increase glomerular filtration rate

a. Decrease glomerular filtration rate

Natriuretic peptides cause a. Shift to sympathetic dominance b. Increased glomerular filtration rate c. Increased cardiac output

b. Increased glomerular filtration rate

Decreased systemic blood pressure would result in a. Decrease glomerular filtration rate b. Increase glomerular filtration rate

b. Increase glomerular filtration rate

If glomerular filtration rate increased, systemic blood pressure would eventually a. Increase b. Decrease

b. Decrease

Which of these does NOT influence the function of enzymes? a. Concentration of the enzyme b. pH c. Temperature

a. Concentration of the enzyme

Amino acids in the lumen of the small intestine are transported into the intestinal epithelium by a. endocytosis b. passive diffusion c. facilitated transport

c. facilitated transport

How is fat broken down in the small intestine to make it accessible to enzymes? a. Chylomicrons b. Bile salts and pancreatic lipase c. Lacteal

b. Bile salts and pancreatic lipase

What happens in the epithelial cells of the small intestine? a. Reassembly of fatty acids and monoglycerides into triglycerides b. Emulsification of fats c. Break down of fats by pancreatic amylas

a. Reassembly of fatty acids and monoglycerides into triglycerides

Match the following chemicals to the functions listed below in questions 39-41. You can use the terms once, multiple times, or not at all. a. Secretin b. Cholecystokinin c. Gastrin d. Pepsinogen e. Somatostatin 39. Induces the pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate to reduce acidity in the small intestine 40. Released in response to fats or proteins in the small intestine 41. Main source of HCl

39. pancrease release of bicarb- Secretin 40. in reponse to fats or proteins- Cholecystokinin 41. Main source of HCl- Gastrin

Which of these digestive hormones have opposite effects? a. Motilin and secretin b. Gastrin and motilin c. CCK and secretin

a. Motilin and secretin

Which of these is NOT broken down enzymatically in the pancreas? a. Fats/lipids b. Carbohydrates/sugars c. Proteins

c. Proteins

Which of these cell types have opposite effects? a. G cells and ECL cells b. D cells and G cells c. Parietal cells and G cells

b. D cells and G cells

What cells secrete most of the testosterone that comes from the testes? a. androcytes b. Leydig cells c. tubule cells

b. Leydig cells

Which of these processes or traits is shared by spermatogenesis and oogenesis? a. Mitotic proliferation b. Number of usable gametes resulting from a single meiotic division c. Timing of meiosis

a. Mitotic proliferation

Which of the following is NOT something known to influence the sex of an organism in at least some species? a. temperature b. Prenatal or parental exposure to light c. age or life stage

b. Prenatal or parental exposure to light

Which of the following pairs of male and female reproductive structures are NOT developmentally homologous (i.e. they don’t arise from the same structure present in a fetal stage with indeterminate genitalia)? a. vas deferens and fallopian tube (oviduct) b. testis and ovary c. scrotum and labia

a. vas deferens and fallopian tube (oviduct)

Expression of the Sry gene causes a. Development of ovaries b. Development of testes c. Development of secondary sexual characteristics

b. Development of testes

In mammals, what prevents multiple sperm from fertilizing an egg? a. The first sperm to enter the egg emits a chemical signal that reduces the activity of the other sperm b. Sperm compete within the egg to merge with the egg’s nucleus. c. The first sperm to enter the egg deactivates ZP3 receptors that allow sperm to penetrate

c. The first sperm to enter the egg deactivates ZP3 receptors that allow sperm to penetrate