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Pharmacology Exam 1 > Physiology Review > Flashcards

Physiology Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function and alternative name of the Myenteric Plexus?

A

Function: Motility

AKA: Auerbach’s Plexus

Mnemonic: Myenteric Motility

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2
Q

What is the function and alternative name of the Submucosal Plexus?

A

Function: Ion and Fluid Transport

AKA: Meissner’s

Mnemonic: Submucosal Meissneir’s

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3
Q

What are the exceptions of Autonomic Innervation that have only** **Sympathetic Innervation?

A

Hair follicles

Thermoregulatory sweat gland

Liver

Adrenal gland

Kidney

Mnemonic: Symply Hair TALK

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4
Q

Where do sympathetic and parasympathetic produce similar rather rather than opposing effects?

A

Salivary Glands

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter stimulates all pre-ganglinic receptors and what receptor type are they?

A

Acetylcholine stimulates all pre-ganglionic receptors, which are all Nicotinic Receptors

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6
Q

What is the sympathetic organ that is the exception to the rules and what type of receptors does it have?

A

Sweat Glands

-Has Muscarinic receptors that respond to Acetylcholine

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7
Q

What two locations do not have post ganglionic fibers?

A

Adrenal Medulla

Skeletal Muscle

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8
Q

What determines the action of an organ?

A

Dependent on type of receptor, as well as what is secreted by the POST GANGLIONIC fibers

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9
Q

What effect would be caused by blocking the autoreceptors of a nerve terminal?

A

INCREASE in effect

(Homotropic Interaction)

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10
Q

What are some mechanisms of withdrawl rebound hyperactivity/disuse hyperactivity?

A
  • Proliferation of receptors
  • Loss of mechanisms for removal of transmitter
  • Increased post-junctional responsiveness
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11
Q

What is Neuropeptide Y (NPY) a good example of?

A

A neurotransmitter (works on own specific receptor) and a neuromodulator (modulates the release of other molecules)

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12
Q

How do Hemicholiniums effect Cholinergic Transmission?

A

Choline Carrier Blocker

-Block the ***Synthesis*** of Ach

Mnemonic: Hemicholiniums block Choline carriers

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13
Q

How does Vesamicol (VAT) effect Cholinergic Transmission?

A

Acetylcholine Carrier Blocker

-Block the ***Storage*** of Ach

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14
Q

How does Botulinum Toxin effect Cholinergic Transmission?

A

Inhibits SNAPs

***Blocks the ***Release*** of Ach

Mneomnic: “Ohhhh SNAP, you got poisoned!”

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15
Q

How does Neostigmine effect Cholinergic Transmission?

A

It’s an Anticholinesterase inhibitor

Blocks ***Termination of Action_***_ of AchE

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16
Q

What is the function of M3 receptors in the Eye? What does Muscarinic Antagonism cause?

A

Constricts the Sphincter and Ciliary Muscle

***Miosis/Opens Canal of Schlemm***

Antagonism: causes paralysis of accomodation (Cycloplegia)

17
Q

What effect does activation of M2 receptors have on the Heart?

A

DECREASED:

-Heart Rate (negative chronotropy) SA Node

-Conduction Velocity AV node

-Atrial Contraction

-Ventricular Contraction (Weak effect)

18
Q

What effect does activation of M3 receptors have?

A

Bronchi/Bronchioles –> Contraction / BronchoSPASM

Bronchiolar Submucosal Gland –> Secretion –> NARROW lumen

***NEVER USE M3 Receptor agonists on people with ASTHMA***

Stomach –> INCREASED motility/cramps

Glands (M1, M3) –> Secretion (sweat, salivation, lacrimation)

Intestine –> Contraction (diarrhea, fecal incontinence)

Bladder –> Contracts Detrusor, Relaxes trigone/sphincter –> VOIDING, INCONTINENCE

Sphincters –> RELAXED (except LES)

19
Q

What happens if you damage the endothelial cell layer (M3-rich) in blood vessels?

A

Will get vasoCONSTRICTIONdue to lack of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (i.e. no N.O. release) andunopposed action of vascular smooth muscle

(e.g. Cigarettes, Post-prandial)

20
Q

What type of protein is the Muscarinic Receptor? Nicotinic Receptor?

A

Muscarinic: G-protein

Nicotinic: Ion Channel

21
Q

What types of Receptors do the Adrenal Medulla, Autonomic Ganglia, and Neuromuscular Junction have?

A

Adrenal Medulla –> NN (Secretion of Epi and NE)

Autonomic Ganglia –> NN (Stimulation - Net effects depend on PANS/SANS innervation/dominance)

Neuormuscular Junction –> NM (Stimulation - Twitch/hyperactivity of skeletal muscle)

22
Q

Direct vs Indirect Cholinomimetics

A

Direct: bind directly to muscarinic/nicotinic receptors

Indirect: produce effects by inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)

23
Q

What molecule blocks Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Catecholamine Synthesis?

A

Metyrosine

24
Q

What is the immediate precursor of Norepinephrine and where does NE’s synthesis occur?

A

Dopamine

-Synthesis continues in the storage vesicles

25
Q

Which part of Adrenergic Transmission does Reserpine effect?

A

Blocks Vesicular Monoamine Transporter (VMAT) during the Catecholamine STORAGE step

Mnemonic: MAT rides the pine

26
Q

How does Bretylium affect Adrenergic Transmission and at what stage?

A

Bretylium inhibits VAMP

Effects the Catecholamine Release step

Mnemonic: Brett gets so AMPed up, bro! ;)

27
Q

How is Adrenergic Transmission Terminated? (3 ways)

A
  1. Diffusion (at synapse; metabolized by liver Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT))
  2. Autoreceptor –> Decreased release
  3. Re-Uptake via NET1 (NE transporter)
    - Repackaged in vesicles
    - Metabolized by Mitochondrial Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
28
Q

Gq Receptor Activation Mechanism

A

H1, a1, V1, M1, M3 Receptor – Gq –> Phospholipase C –> PIP2 produces IP3 (increased Ca++) and DAG (PKC activation)

Mnemonic: HAV an M&M (or 3)

29
Q

Gs Mechanism of Receptor Activation

A

B1 B2 D1 H2 V2 Receptor –Gs–> Adenylyl Cyclase –> ATP –> Increased cAMP –> Increased PKA Activity

mnemonic: BBD stimulates 2HV

30
Q

Gi Mechanism of Receptor Activation

A

M2 a2 D2 Receptor –Gi–| (Inhibited) Adenylyl Cyclase –> Decreased cAMP –> Decreased PKA Activity

Mnemonic: Don’t get 2 MAD

31
Q

a1 Responses to Adrenoceptor Activation

A

Eye (Radial/Dilator muscle) –> DILATION (Mydriasis) due to contraction of Dilator muscle

Arterioles (skin, viscera) –> Contraction (INCREASED TPR, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Afterload) –> Reflex Bradycardia

Veins –> Contraction (INCREASED Venous Return, Preload)

Bladder Trigone/Sphincter –> Contraction ***Urinary RETENTION***

Male Sex Organ –> Ejaculation (Vas Deferens)

Liver –> Increased glycogenolysis

Kidney –> DECREASED Renin release (opposite to B1)

32
Q

a1 effect on the Heart

A

Makes the heart work HARDER

33
Q

a2 Receptor Response to Activation

A

***Autoreceptor at Nerve Terminal***

Prejunctional Nerve Terminal –> DECREASED release and NE synthesis

Platelets –> Aggregation

Pancreas –> DECREASED Insulin secretion

34
Q

B1 Receptor Activation Effects

A

Heart –> INCREASED Heart Rate (chronotropy), Conduction Velocity (dromotropy), Force of Contraction (inotropy), Cardiac Output, Oxygen Consumption, and Automaticity (His-Purkinje)

Kidney –> INCREASED Renin Release (opposite to a1)

35
Q

B2 Receptor Activation Effects

A

Blood Vessel (ALL) –> VasoDILATION (Decreased TPR, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Afterload) ***opposite of a1***

Uterus –> Relaxation

Bronchioles –> Dilation

Skeletal Muscle –> INCREASED glycogenolysis and contractility (tremor)

Liver –> INCREASED glycogenolysis (same as a1)

Pancreas –> INCREASED insulin secretion (opposite of a2)

36
Q

What is the general effect of B2 receptor activation?

A

RELAXATION

37
Q

D1 (Peripheral) Receptor Activation Effects

A

Renal, Mesenteric, Coronary Vasculature –> VasoDILATION** which leads to INCREASED GFR, RBF & Na+ excretion

***Treats URINARY RETENTION***

38
Q

How does atropine effect the M3 receptors of the Eye?

A

INHIBITS them, leading to Dilation and no response to PEN LIGHT

Pharmacology Exam 1 (3 decks)

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