Physiology Quiz Flashcards
This statement describes which lung over expansion injury. Air from the rupture accumulates in the center of the divers chest over the heart.
Pneumothorax
Subcutaneous emphysema
Mediastinal emphysema
Arterial Gas Embolism
Mediastinal emphysema
To avoid a barotrauma, a diver must:
Equalize frequently before feeling any pain
Ascend slowly
Both a and b
Just a
Both a and b
What does barotraumas literally mean?
cochlea injury
vertigo injury
lung injury
pressure injury
pressure injury
The immediate treatment for a lung over expansion injury is to have the diver breath 100% oxygen and seek emergency care as quickly as possible.
True
False
True
What causes decompression sickness?
tissue pressure exceeds surrounding pressure, making nitrogen come out faster than the individual can off-gas
tissue pressure decreases, which makes the nitrogen come out slowly- eventually causing bubbles
stupid divers not following tables
A barotraumas combined with a lung over expansion injury
tissue pressure exceeds surrounding pressure, making nitrogen come out faster than the individual can off-gas
To reduce the bodies demand for oxygen during a breath hold dive, a diver should:
Hyperventilate
Move slowly and deliberately while underwater
Breathe pure oxygen before the dive
Do summersaults while underwater in order to get the divers blood moving faster
Move slowly and deliberately while underwater
Which symptom is reflective of oxygen toxicity?
euphoria
convulsions
bright red skin
decreasing body core temperature
convulsions
If a divers ear drum ruptures, cold water on the vestibular canal may cause:
Barotrauma
Vertigo
Hypercapnia
Bradycardia
Vertigo
If tissue pressure exceeds surrounding pressure excessively, nitrogen comes out of solution faster than the body can off gas it and bubbles form the bodies tissues. This is known as:
Decompression illness
Decompression sickness
Arterial gas embolism
Lung overexpansion injury
Decompression sickness
Cigarette smoking prior to a dive should be avoided because it _______ the body’s ability to transport oxygen due to an increased ________ level in the lungs.
increases/ nitrogen
decreases/ carbon monoxide
increases/ carbon dioxide
decreases/ nicotine
decreases/ carbon monoxide
Which factor does not affect decompression sickness?
Fat
Age
Dehydration
None of the above
None of the above - all three of these contribute to the risk of DCS
Carbon monoxide is difficult to detect because it:
Is inert
Is odorless and tasteless
Has a sedating effect on the diver
Is strong in smell
Is odorless and tasteless
Symptoms of a lung over expansion injury usually occur _________, while symptoms of decompression sickness ________.
Within the first 12 hours after a dive/occur immediately after surfacing
During the dive/occur immediately after surfacing
Within the first 6 hours after a dive/occur within in first 12 hours after a dive
Immediately after surfacing/usually are slower to occur
Immediately after surfacing/usually are slower to occur
After a dive, ________ may be present in a divers circulatory system, yet the diver may not display any symptoms of decompression illness.
Clear bubbles
Transparent bubbles
Tiny bubbles
Silent bubbles
Silent bubbles
Which is not an example of a barotrauma?
Round window rupture
Pneumothorax
Mediastinal emphysema
Hypothermia
Hypothermia
A diver experiencing nitrogen narcosis may display which of the following:
Foolish behavior as if intoxicated
Cherry red lips and fingernail beds
Headache, nausea, and unconsciousness
Numbness in extremities and fatigue
Foolish behavior as if intoxicated
A barotrauma is a(n):
Sinus squeeze
ear drum block
pressure injury
ear drum rupture
pressure injury
Emergency treatment in the field for arterial gas embolism and decompression sickness includes:
having the victim breathe 100% oxygen, maintain basic life support, treat for shock, initiate transport to a hospital
have the victim relax and drink plenty of alcoholic fluids
having the victim breathe 100% oxygen, treat for psychological problems, initiate transport to a hospital
Applying cold packs to the victims chest and head, treat for shock, administer 100% oxygen
having the victim breathe 100% oxygen, maintain basic life support, treat for shock, initiate transport to a hospital
____________________ is a loss of your sense of direction or position.
vertigo
barotrauma
DCS
disorientation
disorientation
What is the difference between DCS and DCI?
DCI is a blanket term that refers to both DCS and a lung over-expansion injury
DCS and DCI refer to a lot of silent bubbles that don’t do anything
DCS refers to silent bubbles whereas DCI refers to lung over-expansion injuries
DCS is a blanket term that refers to DCI and a lung over-expansion injury
DCI is a blanket term that refers to both DCS and a lung over-expansion injury
If a diver is feeling the effects of nitrogen narcosis the diver should:
Ascend 2-4m/5-10ft
Descend 2-4m/5-10ft
Stay put
Swim to a different area on the dive site
Ascend 2-4m/5-10ft
Breathing pure oxygen underwater is not recommended because:
You have to have a higher certification to breathe pure oxygen
Pure oxygen molecules are larger and therefore a tank can not be filled to the same capacity
Breathing oxygen under pressure can be toxic even at shallow depths
Your body needs to receive both oxygen and nitrogen to function underwater.
Breathing oxygen under pressure can be toxic even at shallow depths
What is the term for a clinical condition that follows suffocation by submersion in liquid after which there are at least 24 hrs of survival?
Pulmonary Barotrauma
Biological Death
Near Drowning
Decompression Sickness
Near Drowning
True or False: Failure to equalize frequently and before feeling pain may result in an ear drum rupture, possibly caused by a forceful Valsava equalization leading to a barotrauma.
True
False
True
Physical damage to the body resulting from a direct change in pressure is called:
edema
hemorrhage
thrombosis
barotrauma
barotrauma
This statement describes which lung overexpansion injury. Air from the rupture goes between a divers lung and their chest wall, causing their lung to collapse.
Pneumothorax
Subcutaneous emphysema
Mediastinal emphysema
Arterial gas embolism
Pneumothorax
A diver experiencing carbon monoxide poisoning may display which of the following:
Foolish behavior as if intoxicated
Cherry red lips and fingernail beds
Headache, nausea, and unconsciousness
Numbness in extremities and fatigue
Cherry red lips and fingernail beds
What can happen with a forceful Valsalva maneuver?
round window rupture
oval window rupture
circular window rupture
oblong window rupture
round window rupture
While diving in a strong current a poorly adjusted regulator may cause a diver to:
become overexerted
have excessive carbon dioxide build up
have labored shallow breathing
all of the above
all of the above
Increased stress during a deep dive can result in mental and perceptual narrowing. This perceptual narrowing may create taskloading which can involve which of the following?
The effects of narcosis
increased mental relaxation
greater control of buoyancy
more available light
The effects of narcosis
Factors that can increase a divers chances of decompression sickness include.
Age
Body fat
Alcohol
All of the above
All of the above
Why does breathing 100% oxygen aid an individual with decompression sickness?
helps reduce the size of the bubbles
helps the individual remain calm
increases the pressure gradient between the alveolar nitrogen pressure and the nitrogen pressure in the tissue
decreases the pressure gradient between the alveolar nitrogen pressure and the nitrogen pressure in the tissue
increases the pressure gradient between the alveolar nitrogen pressure and the nitrogen pressure in the tissue
What are the symptoms of type I decompression sickness?
pain in the limbs or joints
a localized skin rash
numbness and tingling
all of the above
all of the above
A diver experiencing decompression sickness may display which of the following:
Foolish behavior as if intoxicated
Cherry red lips and fingernail beds
Headache, nausea, and unconsciousness
Numbness in extremities and fatigue
Numbness in extremities and fatigue
This statement describes which lung over expansion injury. Air from the rupture accumulates in soft tissues at the base of the divers neck.
Pneumothorax
Subcutaneous emphysema
Mediastinal emphysema
Arterial gas embolism
Subcutaneous emphysema
A forceful Valsava equalization or a delayed equalization may cause your ______ to rupture.
Round window
Middle ear
Vestibular canal
Eustachian tube
Round window
Which malady is a result of pulmonary over inflation during ascent?
arterial gas embolism
sinus block
round window rupture
tooth squeeze
arterial gas embolism
Too much carbon dioxide in the blood is known as
Hypercapnia
Apnea
Hypocapnia
Hyperventilating
Hypercapnia
Type 2 decompression sickness, is considered non-life threatening, with pain only in joints.
True
False
False
_____________ carries oxygen to the tissues via ____________, which is a protein that easily bonds with oxygen.
Oxidative metabolism/blood
Plasma/capillaries
Proteins/trachea
Red blood cells/hemoglobin
Red blood cells/hemoglobin
Shallow water black out may occur during the ascent of a breath-hold dive due to:
Excessive hyperventilation
Hypoxia
Tunnel vision
Round window rupture
Hypoxia
One serious physiological risk factor that is associated with the use of EANx is:
Ear squeeze
Red blood cell dilation
Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity
Shallow water blackout
Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity
If the elimination of gas is not fast enough to match a diver’s ascent, the excessive supersaturation of gas in tissues may cause gas to come out of the solution in the form of bubbles. This malady is called:
shallow water blackout
decompression sickness
arterial gas embolism
nitrogen narcosis
decompression sickness
The most serious lung overexpansion injury is:
Pneumothorax
Subcutaneous emphysema
Mediastinal emphysema
Arterial gas embolism
Arterial gas embolism
If a diver displays dizziness, difficulty breathing, paralysis or unconsciousness almost immediately after surfacing from a dive, the diver is most likely suffering
Decompression sickness
Lung overexpansion injury
Oxygen toxicity
Nitrogen narcosis
Lung overexpansion injury
Carbon monoxide bonds with hemoglobin _______ times more readily that oxygen
100
200
300
400
200
Capillaries are microscopic vessels between arteries and veins where gas exchange occurs.
True
False
True
Arteries carry blood ______ the heart while veins carry blood ______ the heart.
Away from, toward
Toward, away from
near, far
far, near
Away from, toward
What are the primary purposes of the respiratory and circulatory systems?
To supply body tissues oxygen and to remove and eliminate carbon dioxide.
To supply body tissues carbon dioxide and to remove and eliminate oxygen.
To supply the body with plasma and eliminate carbon monoxide through the capillaries
To supply the body with blood and eliminate carbon dioxide through the alveoli.
To supply body tissues oxygen and to remove and eliminate carbon dioxide.
While diving after an extended amount of time at any depth, a divers body will become __________, meaning the body has absorbed all the nitrogen possible at the given depth/pressure. Once the diver surfaces, residual nitrogen is still in the divers tissues and is higher than the ambient pressure, this is known as ________.
Supersaturated/saturation
Equalized/off gassing
Saturated/supersaturation
Supersaturated/off gassing
Saturated/supersaturation
Skin divers use _________ to increase breath hold times by reducing the level of carbon dioxide in his lungs
Respiratory reflex center
Carotid sinus reflex
Valsalva maneuver
Voluntary hyperventilation
Voluntary hyperventilation
Air space that is not equalized can cause a(n):
Squeeze
Lung overexpansion injury
Crush
Impact
Squeeze
Changes in pressure most effect which part of the ear.
Outer
Inner
Middle
Vestibular Canal
Middle
