Physiology & Patho of Aging Flashcards
Differentiaing between Senescence and Senility
patho v normal aging
Aging = the process of growing old
Senescence = biological aging
- this is gradual functional deterioration due to natural physiologic changes that occur
- natural + gradual progression
Senility = pathologic aging
- the physical or cognitive decline which has pathologic deterioration
Life Expectancy v. Longevitiy
Life Expectancy = the average number of years remaining at a given age
- its a personalized prediction based on the age
- statistical measures and predictions go into this
- based on birth year, current age, gender, race, etc.
LIFE EXPECTANCY DOES NOT = LONGEVITIY
Longevity = the duration of life
- its not expected
- the mean longverity is the average longevity of a population
as time goes on, people are living longer, thus living with normal and pathological aging
- there will be much more people living to 65+ and even 85+
life expectancy at birth by race and age
- females live longer, 81 years, black females 78 years
- blacks live the lease and whhites longest
- average is 78 years
- men = 76 years, black men 71 years
- richer = live longer than pooer (Access, environment,etc.)
Theories of Aging
Stochastic Theory & sub-set theories
Non-Stochastic
Stochastic
- the idea that aging is a result of inevitabe small randome changes/errors that accumulate over time and created progressive damage
Theories of Stochastic
- wear and tear: cells/tiissue simply wear out
- rate of living: the great the organisms basal rate of oxygen metabolsim, the shorter the life span
- somatic DNA damange: acummulation of genetic mutations overtime causes malfunction
- cross linking: the accumulation of cross-linking proteisn slwos down the body
- oxdatve free radicals: reactice free radicals damange the body over time
Non-Stochastic
- the idea that age is predetermined and through programed cellular changes or changes in ummnologic and endocrine function this will occur
Theories of non-stochastic
- programmed longevity: certian genes turn on/off over time
- endocrine: regualr changes in homrones control aging
- immunological: immune system is programmed to decline over time and leave people mor esucceptiable to disease
Integumentary System
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
Physiologic Changes
- decrease collagen and elastin = wrinkles
- decreases hypodermal fat = thin & saggy
- decreasd sweat glands = dry
- increased capillary fragility = sentile purpura : ag related bruising because they’re fragile
- thinning of heair and nails
- grey hair due to lack of melaoncytes
Pathologic Changes
- pressure ulcers
- lentigo (benign mole)
- seborrheic keratosis
- actinick keratosis (pre-cancerous for SCC)
- skin cancers
Sensory System
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- glaucome: increased IOP = blindness
- Cataracts: cloudy lens
- retinopathies
- macular degenerations
- hearing loss
- tinnitus
- vertigo
physiologic changes
- increased IOP
- decrease colored vision
- arcus senilis: lipid deposit in the ring of the irisi, without visual impairment; not correlated with cholesterol levels in the elderly (in the younger population, yes)
- presbyopia: far sighteness because lack elasticity
- presbycusis: hearing loss high pitch first
- decreased smell & taste
Respiratory System
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- COPD: decreased lung capacity and exhalation
- pneumonia
- PE
- manlignancy
physiologic changes
- kyphosis (excessive cervical curve)
- decreeased rib cahnge mobility
- decreased alveolar surface area
- decreased FEV and FVC
- decreased lung elasticity
- decreased ability to transfer gas
- decreaed PO2
- decreased VO2 max
- increased residual capacity: arent able to expel enough out, left over air remains within the lungs
Cardiovascualr System
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- hypertension
- coranary arety disease
- congestive HF
- vavular hear disease
- sick sinuse syndrome
physiologic changes
- decreased inotropy (force of contraction when heart beats)
- decreased chronotropy (rate of beat)
- decreasd response to stimulants: adernergic stimulation and exercise
- decreased elasticity of blood vessels
Nervous System
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- dementia
- delirium
- depression
- Parkinson’s
- CVA
physiologic changes
- brain atrophy
- dural/letpomeningeal thickening
- schwanna cell damange & demyleination
- decreased number of NTs
- slower reaction time
- slower learning, rocessing and retrieval of information
- decrease propriception
- benign senescent forgetfulness normal memory loss (not losing orientation!!)
MSK Changes
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- osteoarthritis
- osteoporosis
- Pagets disease
physiologic changes
- decreased bone mass
- decreased muscle mass
Endocrine Changes
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- T2DM
- hypothyroid
- hyperparathyroid
physiologic changes
- decreased hormone production and function
- impaired glucose tolerance (some excess thirst/urination is normal)
Digestive System
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- atrophic gastritis
- peptic ulcer
- diverticulosis
- colonic polyps
- incontinence
physiologic changes
- poor dentition
- zerostomia (dry mouth)
- altered esophageal motility
- delay in gastric emptying (get full sooner)
- achlorhydria ( increse pH of stomach, decreased acidity)
- decreased hepatic blood flow
- impaired calcium absorption
GU System
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- fluid, electrolyte and acid/base disorders
- incontinence
- UTI
- ESRD
- BPH
- bladder and prostate cancer
physiologic changes
- decreased # of nephrons
- decreased renal blood flow
- decreased GFR
- decreased tubular filteration and absorbtion
- decrease vitamin D synthesis
- decreased drug excretion
- decreased ability to concentrate or dilute urine as needed
- fiberosis of bladder smooth muscle : cant hold as much
Reproductive System
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- atrophic vaginitis lack of estrogen from menopause creates pathologic issue
- sexual dysfunction
physiologic changes
- menopause
- andropause
- decreased fertility
Hematologic System
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- anemia with may reasons: B12, IDA, ESRD, myledysplastic, folate issues
- blood clots
- CLL,CML
- MM
physiologic changes
- decreased bone marrow cellularity
- there is NO ANEMIA OF AGING, anemia is pathologic
Immune System
pathologic changes
physiologic changes
pathologic changes
- increase succeptibility to infection, autoimmune disorders and cancers
physiologic changes
- decreased antibody secretion
- decreased # and functionality of helper T cells
- increased autoantibodies
- increased NK cells
- involution of thymus
- blunted response to vaccines
