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AMP - Physiology > Physiology of Vision > Flashcards

Physiology of Vision Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the function of the iris

A

controls size of pupil
effects amount of light entering the eye

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2
Q

what’s the aqueous humor and what’s its function

A

transparent gel
anterior part of eye
maintains intraocular pressure (IOP)

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3
Q

what causes glaucoma

A

increased IOP
degeneration of trabecular meshwork

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4
Q

what’s the function of the trabecular meshwork

A

drain the aqueous humor

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5
Q

what’re the 3 layers of the posterior eye from inside out

A
  • retina
  • fovea
  • sclera
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6
Q

how many layers are in the retina

A

10

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7
Q

what cells are in the retina (6)
.
P
M
B
H
G

A

rods & cones
pigment cells photoreceptor cells
muller cells
bipolar cells
horizontal cells
ganglion cells

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8
Q

what’s the difference between rods and cones

A

RODS
- no colour
- low light levels
- high sensitivity to light
- more photopigment
- slow response
cones
- colour
- daylight
- low sensitivity to light
- less photopigment
- fast response

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9
Q

where in the rods and cones are the photopigments held

A

membrane disks

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10
Q

what’s the function of bipolar cells

A

create pathway form photoreceptors -> ganglion cells

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11
Q

what the function of horizontal cells

A

feed information horizontally in ‘outer plexiform layer’

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12
Q

what’s the role of amacrine cells

A

control majority of inputs & responses to ganglion cells

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13
Q

what’s the role of muller cells

A

hold nerve cells in place (glial cell)
- ensheath all retinal neurones

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14
Q

how many opsins are there in rods

A

3 (green, red, blue)

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15
Q

what is the purpose and what’re the steps of the phototransducer pathway
(HINTS:
1.______ signals -> _____ signals in _____ & ______
2. photopigment proteins ____ & ____
3. ____ bind to _____
4. _____ hit this^
5. Triggers ______

A
  1. light -> electrical signals in rods & cones
  2. photopigment protein (opsin & rhodopsin)
  3. g-protein coupled receptor binds to vit. A
  4. light photons hit
  5. cascade within cell & visual process
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16
Q

describe the steps of ‘signal transducer in photoreceptors’
(HINTS
1. ____ activated
2. ______ exchanges ____ for ____
3.the currently activated ______, _______ and activates ____ & ___
4._____ hydrolyses ____ -> _____which causes decreased levels of _____ in ____
5. _______ close = membrane ________
6.____ released into ______
7. cascade

A
  1. rhodopsin activation
  2. GDP-bound-transducin -> exchange GDP for GTP
  3. GTP-bound-transducin, dissociates -> activates cGMP & PDE
  4. PDE hydrolyses cGMP -> 5’cGMP = decreased levels of cGMP in cytoplasm
  5. cGMP-gated ion channels close = membrane hyperpolorisation
  6. neurotransmitters released in photoreceptors
  7. cascade
17
Q

what’re the 2 types of receptive fields

A

direct
indirect

18
Q

what’s the direct receptive field

A

photoreceptors -> bipolar cells

19
Q

what’s the indirect receptive field

A

photoreceptors -> horizontal cells -> bipolar cells

20
Q

What’re the names of the 10 retinal layers from inside out

A
  1. Internal limiting membrane
    - Muller cells
    - basal lamina
  2. Nerve fibre layer
    - axon of ganglion cells
  3. Ganglion cell layer
    - ganglion cell bodies
  4. Inner plexiform layer
    - synapses between bipolar & ganglion cells
    - actin site for amacrine cells
  5. Inner nuclear layer
    - nuclei & cell bodies of:
    - bipolar
    - muller
    - amacrine
  6. Outer plexiform layer
    - synapses of:
    - bipolar
    - horizontal
    - photoreceptor
  7. Outer nuclear layer
    - photoreceptor nuclei & cell body
  8. External limiting membrane
    - inner segment of photoreceptors
    - apical process of muller cells
  9. Photoreceptor layer
    - rods & cones
  10. Retinal pigment epithelium
    - pigment cells
21
Q

What’s the meaning of Dichromacy?

A

1/3 colour mechanism not functioning (green, red, blue)

22
Q

What’s the meaning of Deuteranopia?

A

Mutation of green opsin (X-linked)

23
Q

What’s the meaning of Protanopia?

A

Mutation of red opsin (x-linked)

24
Q

What’s the meaning of Tritanopia ?

A

Mutation of blue opsin

AMP - Physiology (2 decks)

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