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Year 2 - ENT > Physiology of the Neck > Flashcards

Physiology of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only artery with branches in the neck?

A

external carotid

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2
Q

Lymph node groups all drain to the ……….. ……. then drain to the ….. …… on the left

A

cisterna chyli

thoracic duct

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3
Q

scalp, face and parotid gland is drained by which lymph nodes?

A

parotid nodes

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4
Q

scalp is drained by which lymph nodes?

A

occipital nodes

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5
Q

breast and solid viscera is drained by which lymph nodes?

A

superficial cervical nodes

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6
Q

thyroglossal cyst is a remnant of

A

dilatation of the thyroglossal duct

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7
Q

how would you investigate a thyroglossal cyst?

A

FNAC and Ultrasound

fine needle aspiration cytology

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8
Q

How to treat a thyroglossal cyst?

A

thyroid lobectomy

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9
Q

Causes of Thyroid enlargement

A

colloid goitre (due to hyperplasia)

Grave’s disease

thyroiditis

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10
Q

What disease is characterized by auto-antibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor stimulating receptor ?

A

Grave’s disease

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11
Q

Treatment for Grave’s disease

A

anti-thyroids

beta-blockade

radio-iodine

surgery

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12
Q

Indications there is a need for a thyroidectomy

A

airway obstruction

malignancy

thyrotoxicosis

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13
Q

Complications of a thyroidectomy

A 
Bleeding-primary or secondary
Voice hoarseness
Thyroid storm
Infection
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Scar (keloid/ hypertrophic)
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14
Q

Causes of multi-nodular goitre

A

graves disease

toxic goitre

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15
Q

graves disease usually occurs in…

A

women

middle aged

over activity (hyperthyroidism)

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16
Q

tests for multi nodular goitre

A

thyroid function tests

FNAC

chest X-ray

17
Q

What do parathyroid glands regulate?

A

calcium and phosphate levels

18
Q

parathyroid 4 part rhyme….

A

PAINFUL STONES

ACHING BONES

PSYCHIC MOANS

ABDOMINAL GROANS

19
Q

Parathyroid disease features…

A 
Renal calculi
polyuria
renal failure
osteoporosis 
bone pain
20
Q

Parathyroid disease symptoms

A

abdominal pain

constipation

peptic ulceration

pancreatitis

weight loss

21
Q

Investigations for parathyroid disease

A

Urea & electrolytes, creatinine, calcium, phosphate

Parathyroid hormone, bicarbonate

Vitamin D

Ultrasound scan

CT/MRI: identify ectopic glands

Isotope scanning: detect diseased glands

22
Q

Management of Parathyroid Disease

A

medical treatment

surgery

remove adenomas (single or multiple)

23
Q

4 Fascia of the neck

A

Pre-tracheal
Pre-vertebral
Deep cervical
Carotid sheath

24
Q

Stridor treatment

A 
O2
Nebulised Adrenaline
IV Dexamethasone
(Heliox)
(Definitive) airway management
25
Q

What is a branchial cyst a remnant of?

A

failure of branchial arches to fuse

26
Q

What is a Pharyngeal pouch?

A

herniation of the pharyngeal mucosa between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx

Year 2 - ENT (6 decks)

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