Physiology of the blood cells + terminology Flashcards
Explain the cellular development of Lymphocytes
- Multipotent lymphoid-myloid stem cell
- Differentiation into Lymphoid stemm cell
- Differentiation into
- NK cells
- Small Lymphocyte
- B-cells
- T-cells
Explain the development erythrocytes (precursors, influenceing facotrs)
- Multipotent lymphoid myloid stem cell
- Differentiation into Myeloid stem cell precursor
- Erythroid (Proerythronblast)
- Maturation in need of erythropoetin
- Erythrocyte
Explain the cellular development of Platelets
- Multipotenet lymphoid-myloid stem cell
- Differnetiation into Myeloid stem cell
- Into MEgakaryocyte
- Gives rise to many platelets
What is a myeloblast?
A differentiation of a myeloid stem cells that can differentiate into
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Monocytes
- Neutrophils
Explain Monocytopoiesis
It is the poesis of Monocytes
- Mulltipotnent lymphoid-myloid stem cells
- Myloid Stem cell
- Myeloblast
- Monocyte
Explain the processof Granulopoiesis
It is the formation of
- Basophils
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Multipotent lymphoid-myloid stem cell
- Myeloid stem cells
- Myeloblast
- Differentiation into different cell types
How does a multipotent haematopoietic stem cell devide?
It devides into
- self (stem cell)
- and into cell to undergo differentiation (myloid cell/lymphoid cell)
Explain the site and stimulus of erythropoetin
Site:
- In Kindney (90%)
- In liver (10%)
in response to hypoxia
What is the intravascular lifespan of erythrocytes?
120 days
How are eryhrocytes broken down?
Broken down by phagocytic cells of the spleen
What are the main functions of the erythrocyte?
To transport oxygen
To transport a bit of Co2
Which factors are needed for differentiation and maturation of white cells?
Cytokines such as
- G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor)
- M-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
- GM-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
- and various interleukins are needed
What is the intravascular lifespan and function of a neutrophil?
- Lifespan of 7-10h in the circulation until migrating into tissues
- defence against infection; it phagocytoses and then kills micro-organisms
What is the intravascular lifespan of a eosinophil?
What is its function?
- <7-10h (less time than neutrophil) in circulation
- Defence aganist parasitic infectino
What is the main function of the basophil?
inflammatory reactions during immune response, as well as in the formation of acute and chronic allergic diseases,
What is the intravascular lifespan of a monocyte?
What is its function?
Lifespan: several days
Function:
Phagocytosis of pathogens+ antigen presentation
- Migration into tissues–> and turn into macrophages
- Iron storage
What is the intravascular lifespan of a platelet?
What is its function?
- Lifespan around 10 days
- Function: haemostasis
What is the intravascular lifespan and function of a lymphocyte?
The lifespan in very variable:
- Function to circulate and present antigens/ induce apoptosis
What is an atypical lymphocyte?
A normal lymphocyte should have a large nucleus, little cytoplasm and a round shape
An atypical lymphocyte is distorted in shape
+ “sticks” to RBC
What is a left shift?
It means that immature cells –> mainly neutrophils are in the blood
increase in
- non-segmented neutrophils
- neutrophil precursors in the blood
What are atypical lymphocytes commonly associated with?
Often the term is used to describe the abnormal cells present in infectious mononucleosis (‘glandular fever’) (EBV)
What is toxic granulation of neutrophils?
When is is seen?
Toxic granulation is heavy granulation of neutrophils
It results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis (but is also a normal feature of pregnancy)
What is a hypersegmented neutrophis?
What are the common causes?
increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes or segments (>6 segments)
–> ususally due to
- B12
- Folic acid deficiency
