Physiology of the blood cells and terminology

Question 1

explain the devlopment of lymphocytes

Answer 1

1. Multipotent-myloid stem cell
2. Differentiation into lymphoid stem cell
3. Differentation into NK cells or small lymphocytes

Question 2

Explain the development of erythrocytes

Answer 2

start with multipotent lymphoid-myloi stem cell

2. differentiate into lyeloid stem cell precursor
3. erythroid -maturation in need of erythropoetin and erythrocyte

Question 3

Explain the cellular development of platlets

Answer 3

pultipotent lymphoid-myeloid stem cells differentiate into myeloid stem cells into mergkaryocyte which gives rise to many platelets

Question 4

What is a myeloblast

Answer 4

a differentiation of a myeloid stem cell that can differentiate into basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils

Question 5

Monocytopoiesis

Answer 5

is the poesis of monocytes (pultipotent lymphoid-myloid stem cells, myloid stem cells, myeloblast and monocyte)

Question 6

Granulopoiesis

Answer 6

formation of basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils.

Multipotent lymphoid-myloid stem cell, myeloid stem cells, myeloblast, differentiation into different cell types

Question 7

how does a multipotent stem cell divide

Answer 7

it divides into self and into cell to undergo differentiation

Question 8

explain the site and stimulus of erythropoetin

Answer 8

90% in kidney and 10% in liver in response to hypoxia

Question 9

what is the intravascular lifespan of erythrocytes

Answer 9

120 days

Question 10

how are thye broken down

Answer 10

broken down by phagocytic cells of the spleen

Question 11

what are the main functions of the erhtrocytes

Answer 11

to transport oxygen and to transport a bit of CO2

Question 12

what is needed for differentiation and maturation of white cells

Answer 12

cytokines such as G-,M-,GM-CSF and various interleukins

Question 13

Intravascular lifespan of a neutrophil

Answer 13

7-10h in the circulation

Question 14

intravascular lifescan of a monocytes

Answer 14

several days, function is to phagocytose

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Question 15

Define anisocytosis and poikilocytosis

Answer 15

anisocytosis is abnormal size and poikilocytosis is an abnormal shape

Question 16

hypochromia

Answer 16

normal red blood cells have about 1/3 of the diameter that is pale. Hypochromia means the cells have a larger area of central pallor
hypochromia and microcytosis often go together

Question 17

hyperchromia

Answer 17

the cells lack central pallor

two main types of hyperchromatic cells spherocytes or irregularly contracted cells

Question 18

describe spherocytes

Answer 18

spherical and have a round regular outline

result from the loss of cell membrane without the loss of an equivalent amount of cytoplasm

Question 19

describe irregularly contracted cells

Answer 19

smaller than normal and have lost their central pallor. usually result from oxidant damage

Question 20

polychromasia

Answer 20

an increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a red blood, as red cells mature they go from being dark blue to pink . reticulocytes are red blood cells that are slightly younger than the proper mature cells and stain blue

Question 21

Explain the different variaties of shapes

Answer 21

spherocytes
irregularly contracted cells
sickle cell
target cell - cells with an accumulation of haemoglobin in the middle of the central pallor (occurs in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies, hyposplenism)
Elliptocytes -these are eliptical in shape and they occur in hereditary elliptocytosis and iron deficiency.
Fragments - can be called schistocytes, small pieces of red blood cells and they indicate that a red blood cell has fragmented
Rouleaux -stacks of red cells, resemble a pile of coins results in alteration in the plasma proteins
Agglutinates -these form irregular clumps and results from antibodies on the cell surface
Howell-jolly body - nuclear remnant in a red cell that results from lack of splenic function

Question 22

Remeber the terms of variations in number of blood cells

Answer 22

Leucocytosis - too many white cells

Leucopenia - too few white cells

Neutrophilia - too many neutrophils

Neutropenia - too few neutrophils

Lymphocytosis - too many lymphocytes

Lymphopenia - decrease in the number of lymphocytes

Eosinophilia - too many eosinophils

NOTE: neutrophilia doesn’t necessarily mean that there are too many because neutrophilia is the normal response to infection

Thrombocytosis - too many platelets

Thrombocytopenia - too few platelets

Erythrocytosis - lots of red blood cells

Reticulocytosis - lots of reticulocytes

Question 23

Describe a atypical lymphocyte

Answer 23

usually large and have a very visible nucleus with loads of faint cytoplasm.
typical during viral infections

Question 24

Left shift

Answer 24

means that there is an increase in non-segmented neutrophils or that there are neutrophil precursors in the blood. SUGGESTS you are fighting an infection because it shows that the bone marrow is chucking out lymphocytes

Question 25

Describe toxic granulation

Answer 25

is heavy granulation of neutrophils results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis. Can be seen during pregnancy

Question 26

Describe a hypersegmented neutrophil

Answer 26

increase in the average number of neutrophils lobes or segments (results from lack of b12 or folic acid)