Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurophysiology > Physiology of sleep > Flashcards

Physiology of sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Atigraphy

A

-used to quantify circadian sleep-wake patterns and detect movement disorders during sleep; uses a motion sensor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Polysomnography

A
  • includes EEG, EMG and EOG. ECG and other monitoring

- helps diagnosis and monitoring of sleep apnoea, narcolepsy, restless legs and REM behavioural disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sleep latency

A

-time from ‘lights out’ to sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

REM latency

A
  • Time from sleep onset to first REM episode

- normally 90 mins in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Non-REM latency

A

-Time from sleep onset to first Non-REM episode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sleep efficiency

A

(Total sleep time/total time in bed) x100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Multiple sleep latency test

A

-used to assess daytime somnolence and daytime REM onset in narcolepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Average length of sleep

A

7.5 hrs a night

sleep is made up of non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

NREM sleep

A
  • 75% of adult sleep
  • decreased muscle tone, respiration, temp and HR
  • has 4 stages
  • increased parasympathetic activity, abolition of tendon reflexes, upward ocular deviation with no or few movements
  • reduced recall of dreams if woken
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dreams

A
  • dreaming occurs in all stages of sleep but the content varies
  • in NREM sleep the dreams are ‘thought-like’ as thought the person is solving a problem
  • in REM sleep the dreams may be illegocial and bizarre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stage 1 NREM sleep

A
  • 5% sleep
  • drowsy period
  • when woken from this stage one denies being asleep
  • shows low voltage theta activity, sharp V waves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stage 2 NREM sleep

A
  • 45% sleep

- shows the development of sleep spindles and K complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stage 3 of NREM sleep

A
  • 12 % sleep

- <50% delta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stage 4 NREM sleep

A
  • 13% sleep
  • shows >50% delta waves
  • physiological functions are at the lowest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

REM sleep

A
  • 25% sleep
  • darting eye movements are noted despite other muscles being paralysed
  • REM sleep is characterised by high level of brain activity and physiological activity similar to wakefulness
  • EEG shows low voltage, mixed frequency activity similar to an awake state. Sawtooth waves also seen
  • in a typical night, we cycle through 5 cycles of NREM/REM
  • REM increases in length throughout the night
  • increased sympathetic activitiy, increased blood flow to genitals, increased protein synthesis, maximal loss of muscle tone with occasional myotonic jerks
  • vivid recall of dream if awaken
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

REM sleep behavioural disorder

A

-muscle paralysis does not occur resulting in violent movements coinciding with brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sleep spindles

A
  • waves with upper alpha or lower beta frequency
  • seen in many stages but mainly stage 2
  • duration <1 second
  • symmetric and obvious in the parasagittal regions
18
Q

K complexes

A
  • large amplitude delta frequency waves, sometimes with a sharp apex
  • occur throughout the brain but more prominent in the bifrontal regions
  • mediated by thalamocortical circuitry
  • occur when patient is partially aroused from sleep
  • semiarousal follows brief noises
  • runs of generalised rhythmic theta waves sometimes follow K-complexes- an arousal burst
19
Q

V-waves

A
  • v-waves are sharp waves that occur during sleep
  • they are largest and most evident at the vertex bilaterally and are usually symmetrical
  • multiple V waves tend to occur especially during stage 2 sleep
  • occur after sleep disturbances
20
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A
  • master clock of the brain
  • located in the anterior hypothalamus
  • orchestrates circadian rhythms and uses signals from the retina
  • in the absence of solar guidance, the 24 hour sleep-wake cycle will gradually increase to 26 hours- free-running
  • pineal melatonin can also reset the SCN and promotes sleep in jet lag
21
Q

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

A
  • VLPO
  • sleep switch nucleus
  • has projections to the ascending arousal system
  • VLPO induces sleep by switching off the arousal system
  • people with damage to the VLPO have chronic insomnia
22
Q

Waking up

A
  • Monoaminergic system switches off the VLPO to wake people up
  • negative feedback from the monoaminergic system
  • arousal is then stablised by orexin (hypocretin) neurons in the hypothalamus
  • orexin neurons reinforce arousal system
  • patients with narcolepsy have fewer orexin neurons, leading to somnolence during the day
23
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-cell bodies in the midbrain-pons nuclei
-activation brings on REM sleep
REM on neurons

24
Q

Noradrenaline

A
  • cell bodies in the locus coeruleus
  • REM off neurons
  • activation reduces REM sleep
25
Q

Dopamine

A
  • cell bodies in PAG

- D2 possibly enhances REM sleep

26
Q

Serotonin

A
  • cell bodies in raphe nuclei

- 5HT2 stimulation possibly maintains arousal

27
Q

Histamine

A
  • cell bodies in the tubermammillary nucleus

- H1 stimulation possible maintains arousal

28
Q

alcohol

A
  • increases slow wave sleep but in chronic use, loss of slow wave sleeo
  • reduce initial REM but increase second half REM
29
Q

alcohol withdrawal

A
  • loss of slow wave sleep
  • increased REM
  • increase REM rebound
30
Q

Anxiety disorders

A
  • increased stage 1 sleep (light sleep)
  • reduced REM, normal REM latency
  • reduced slow wave sleep
31
Q

Benzos

A
  • decrease sleep latency
  • increase sleep time
  • reduce stage 1 sleep
  • increase stage 2 sleep
  • reduce REM and slow wave sleep
  • REM rebound on cessation
  • prevent transition from lighter stage 2 sleep into deep, restorative (stage 3 and 4) sleep
32
Q

Cannabis

A
  • increase slow wave sleep

- suppress REM

33
Q

Carbamazepine

A
  • increases slow wave sleep

- suppresses REM and increases REM latency

34
Q

Dementia

A
  • increased sleep latency and fragmentation

- reduced sleep time

35
Q

Depression

A
  • loss of slow wave sleep
  • increased REM-leading to early wakening
  • reduced REM latency
36
Q

Lithium

A
  • suppresses REM and increases REM latency

- increases slow wave sleep

37
Q

Opiates

A
  • decrease slow wave sleep and REM

- withdrawal REM bound

38
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • inconsistent reduction in REM latency and slow wave sleep

- antipsychotics have variable effects

39
Q

SSRIs

A
  • alerting due to 5HT2 stimulation
  • may reduce REM latency
  • variable effects of REM suppression
40
Q

Stimulants

A
  • reduced sleep time by decreasing both REM sleep and slow wave sleep
  • REM rebound on cessation (except modafinil)
41
Q

Tricyclics

A
  • REM suppression (especially clomipramine)

- increased slow wave sleep and stage 1 sleep

42
Q

Z-hypnotics

A
  • less effect on sleep architecture

- zopiclone may increase slow wave sleep

Neurophysiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions