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OBMP Exam 2 > Physiology of Salivary Gland Secretion > Flashcards

Physiology of Salivary Gland Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

Gland secretion involves two integrated processes including:

A

1) Production of fluid (water and electrolytes)

2) Secretion of proteins (mainly by exocytosis)

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2
Q

_____ stimulation leads to the production of saliva at a rather high flow rate but with ___ organic content

A

Parasympathetic, high

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3
Q

______ stimulation leads to a relatively smaller increase, but more of a ____ nature

A

Sympathetic, viscous

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4
Q

Neurotransmitters evoke salivary gland secretion by binding to specific receptors on _____ surface of ____ cells

A

basolateral, acinar

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters trigger production of specific ___ messages

A

intracellular

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6
Q

Intracellular messages trigger production of ____ secretion and exocytosis of _____

A

fluid/ion, proteins

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7
Q

Sympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine (and epinephrine)

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8
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to ____ receptors

A

adrenergic

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9
Q

Sympathetic receptors are

A

alpha adrenergic, and beta adrenergic

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10
Q

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

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11
Q

Acetylcholine acts on ____ receptors

A

muscarinic

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12
Q

Parasympathetic receptor is

A

muscarinic

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13
Q

Majority of protein synthesized and secreted by ____ cells

A

acinar

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14
Q

Serous and mucinous acini secrete ____ protein mixtures

A

different

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15
Q

Acini secrete ____ mix of inorganic ions

A

isotonic

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16
Q

Ducts reabsorb ___ , ____ and release ____

A
  • Na+, Cl-,

- K+

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17
Q

Final saliva is a ____ solution

A

hypotonic

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18
Q

Unstimulated saliva flow rate is

A

.1 ml/min

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19
Q

Stimulated saliva flow rate is

A

1.1-3 ml/min

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20
Q

____ gland produce most volume in stimulated saliva

A

Parotid

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21
Q

_____ glands produce most volume in unstimulated saliva

A

Submandibular/sublingual

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22
Q

Salivary fluid is formed by a two stage process, first being:

A

Formed as a nearly isotonic plasma-like secretion in acinar lumen.

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23
Q

Salivary fluid is formed by a two stage process, second being:

A

modified in ducts by removal of Na+, Cl- and addition of K+ and HCO3-.
-No further secretion or absorption of water to produce a hypotonic solution.

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24
Q

First stage of fluid secretion is dependent on

A

Cl- and HCO3-

25
Q

Fluid secretion is the result of concerted action of four membrane transport systems

A
  1. loop diuretic (eg furosemide, bumetanidine) sensitive Na+/K+/Cl- ion cotransporter in acinar basolateral membrane
  2. Basolateral Ca2+ activated K+ channel
  3. Basolateral Na/K ATPase
  4. Apical Ca2+ activated Cl channel
26
Q

In resting state, ___ + ___ concentrated in acinar above electrochemical equilibrium

A

K+, Cl-

27
Q

____ by Na+/K+ ATPase

A

K+

28
Q

____ by Na+/K+/Cl- contransporter

A

Cl-

29
Q

Cl- ion secretion by Na+/K+/Cl- contransporter when stimulate by alpha adrenergic or cholinergic secretagogue leads to:

A
  • Intracellular Ca2+ increase
  • Opens basolateral K+ channel, apical Cl- channel
  • K+ exits cell basolaterally
  • Cl- exits cell into lumen
  • Net negative charge in lumen
  • Na+ follows Cl- by leaking from interstatium
  • Creates NaCl osmotic gradient
  • Causes transepithelial movement of water into lumen
30
Q

CO2 enters cell and is converted to HCO3- and H+ by _______

A

Carbonic anhydrase

31
Q

Cl-/HCO3- basolateral exchange increases ____ concentration

A

Cl-

32
Q

Cl- leaves the cell by _____ activated channel

A

Ca2+

33
Q

pH maintained by

A

Na+/H+, Na+/K+ exchangers, and K+ channel

34
Q

Carbonic anhydrase action _______ cytoplasm

A

acidifies

35
Q

Cl- channel allows ____ release to lumen, which facilitates water movement

A

HCO3-

36
Q

pH of cytoplasm maintained by further ______ transport

A

ion

37
Q

Electroneutral ameloride-sensitive Na+/H+ exchanger exports protons driven by _____ gradient

A

Na+

38
Q

NA+/H+ exchange further stimulated by

A

muscarinic, alpha-adrenergic agonist

39
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase reduces ___ level in the cell

A

Na+

40
Q

K+ channel opens on stimulation to maintain

A

K+

41
Q

G proteins associated with membrane normally present as ____ GDP-bound heterotrimer GDP-G(alpha-beta-gamma)

A

inactive

42
Q

Binding of _____ to alpha-adrenergic or muscarinic receptor leads to receptor cytoplasmic domain interaction with particular GDP-G(abg)

A

agonist

43
Q

Stimulates exchange of GTP for GDP and release of GTP bound…

A

G alpha subunit

44
Q

_______ is active, and can associate with other

enzymes. (e.g. phospholipase C)

A

GTP-Galpha

45
Q

Phospholipase C converts PIP2 to

A

IP3 and DAG

46
Q

IP3 trigger release of ___ from ER to cytoplasm

A

Ca2+

47
Q

DAG activates …

A

protein kinase C (involved in various cellular responses like amylase secretion)

48
Q

Binding of B-adrenergic agonist to its receptor leads to formation of distinct _____ complex. Then interacts with adenylate cyclase.

A

GTP-G alpha

49
Q

GTP-Galpha convert ATP to cAMP which activates cAMP dependent protein kinase and other enzymes which ultimately promotes _____

A

exocytosis

50
Q

____ pathway is the predominant pathway regulating exocytosis

A

cAMP

51
Q

___ increase also promotes exocytosis

A

Ca2+

52
Q

T or F: Parasympathetic pathways do not solely stimulate fluid secretion.

A

T

53
Q

T or F: Sympathetic pathways do not solely stimulate protein exocytosis

A

T

54
Q

Ductal modification of saliva includes net reabsorption of

A

Na and Cl

55
Q

Ductal modification produces a _____ solution

A

hypotonic

56
Q

At high flow rates

A

NA+, Cl- rises and K+ falls

57
Q

Electrolyte secretion/reabsorption regulates by

A

ANS and mineralocorticoids

58
Q

____ more important for regulating electrolyte transport in ducts compared to acini

A

Sympathetic

OBMP Exam 2 (4 decks)

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