Physiology of Phonation Ch. 5

Question 1

What is the most important role of the larynx?

Answer 1

Protective function. Prevents entrance of foreign objects into lungs, by coughing, throat clearing, abdominal fixation (impounds air in thorax to stabilize torso.)

Question 2

What is the process of vibration? (acoustics)

Answer 2

Elasticity: property of material causing it to return to original shape after displacement.
Stiffness: Strength of force within a material to return to it’s original shape after distention.
Inertia: a body in motion tends to stay in motion.

Question 3

Periodic Waveform

Answer 3

Repeats itself in a predictable fashion.

Question 4

Cycle

Answer 4

One point in a vibratory pattern to the same point again.

Question 5

Period

Answer 5

Time to complete one cycle of vibration.

Question 6

Frequency

Answer 6

How often something occurs; cycles per sec.

Question 7

Hertz (Hz)

Answer 7

Cycle per second (perceived as Pitch)

Question 8

Intensity

Answer 8

Increased amplitude of waveform

Question 9

Sound Pressure formula

Answer 9

P=F/A

Question 10

Amplitude of wave

Answer 10

Degree to which waveform goes beyond x axis

Question 11

Decible

Answer 11

dB (loudness)

Question 12

Sound Level Meter

Answer 12

Measures intensity of sound pressure coming from a source.

Question 13

Fundamental Frequency

Answer 13

Frequency of vibration of Vocal folds

Question 14

Vocal Jitter

Answer 14

Cycle by cycle differences in vocal fold vibration.

Question 15

Vocal Shimmer

Answer 15

Cycle by cycle differences in intensity.

Question 16

Phonogram

Answer 16

Interaction between intensity and frequency

Question 17

Pneumotachograph

Answer 17

airflow in a face mask

Question 18

Fiberendoscopy

Answer 18

View VF from above via nasal cavity measures swallowing.

Question 19

Subglottal pressure

Answer 19

measured via hypodermic needle through the cricothyroid or estimated by intraoral pressure when the vocal folds are open.

Question 20

Electroglottograph

Answer 20

Electrodes on the neck- measures impedance which corresponds with vocal fold contact.

Question 21

What is the laryngeal function for speech?

Answer 21

Phonation=voicing
Vibrating Vocal folds w/in larynx.
Phonation maintained by Bernoulli Effect and tissue elasticity.

Question 22

Bernoulli Effect

Answer 22

Dictates that a constant volume flow of air or fluid, at a point of constriction there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and increase in velocity of flow. “lower pressure higher speed”

Question 23

Bernoulli Effect Vocal folds

Answer 23

phonation is the product of vibrating vocal folds w/in larynx.Vocal folds vibrate as air passes through them.
Phonation is maintained by the Bernoulli effect and tissue elasticity

Question 24

Attack

Answer 24

beginning of phonation

Question 25

Adduction

Answer 25

Process of bringing vocal folds together (adduction)

Question 26

Simultaneous Vocal Attack

Answer 26

adduction and onset of respiration at the same time

Question 27

Breathy Vocal Attack

Answer 27

Attack-start significant airflow before adducting the vocal folds

Question 28

Glottal Attack

Answer 28

adduction of the vocal folds prior to the airflow- if hard may damage the vocal mechanism

Question 29

Arytenoid Cartilages can move in three dimensions

Answer 29

Rotating
Rocking
Gliding

Question 30

Abduction of vocal folds

Answer 30

Move the vocal folds apart
Terminates phonation frequently when speaking
Accommodates voiced and voiceless speech sounds

Question 31

Sustained Phonation

Answer 31

Adduction and abduction for speech. Depends on, Maintenance of pressure
Flow
Vocal fold approximation

Question 32

vocal registers

Answer 32

Modal Register
Glottal (fry/pulse) Register
Falsetto

Question 33

Modal Register

Answer 33

Phonation used in daily conversation

Question 34

Glottal (fry/pulse) Register

Answer 34

Crackly voice
Vocalis is tense

Question 35

Falsetto

Answer 35

Highest register
Vocal sounds higher than normal range
Puberphonia

Question 36

Pressed

Answer 36

Medial compression is greatly increased

Question 37

Breathy

Answer 37

Inadequate vocal fold approximation with excessive airflow between vocal folds in closed phase

Question 38

PITCH

Answer 38

Psychological correlate of frequency
Important in speech perception

Question 39

FREQUENCY

Answer 39

Number of cycles of vibration per second
Pitch ⬆, Frequency ⬆
Pitch ⬇, Frequency ⬇

Question 40

Optimal Pitch

Answer 40

Frequency of vibration that is most efficient for a pair of vocal cords
Female average= 212 Hz
Male average= 132 Hz

Question 41

Habitual Pitch

Answer 41

Frequency habitually used by a person

Question 42

Pitch Range

Answer 42

Fundamental frequency for an individual
Difference between lowest and highest frequencies

Question 43

Stretching and tensing vocal folds

Answer 43

Tension, length, mass

Question 44

Pitch-Changing Mechanism

Answer 44

Comes from stretching and tensing vocal folds
Uses cricothyroid and thyrovocalis muscles
Depends on changeable elements of vocal folds

Question 45

Opening stage

Answer 45

Vocal folds are opening up

Question 46

Closing stage

Answer 46

Vocal folds are returning to point of approximation

Question 47

Closed stage

Answer 47

No air is escaping between the vocal folds

Question 48

Diadochokinesis

Answer 48

alternation of articulators producing single or multiple syllables per second

Question 49

Elements of prosody

Answer 49

Pitch
Stress
Intonation-change in pitch
Duration
Loudness
Rhythm

Question 50

Myoelastic-aerodynamic Theory

Answer 50

Myoelastic component of muscle (myo + muscle) and the soft tissues of the larynx
Aerodynamic component is airflow and compression through the compressed tube

Question 51

Titze Model

Answer 51

The loosely bound masses associated with the membranous cover of the vocal folds
The body of the vocal folds