Physiology of OMM I

Question 1

________ neuron fibers remain in the spinal cord but their axons may either ascend to connect multiple levels or remain within a single segment.

Answer 1

Propriospinal

Question 2

________ interneuron projections are confined to a specific segment where the cell body is located.

Answer 2

Local circuit

Question 3

A motor evoked potential study showed that HVLA had a substantial reduction in the ________.

Answer 3

Short latency stretch reflex

Question 4

One of the main ways OMT acts to disrupt the pain-spasm-pain cycle is by attenuating ________ input and reducing the sensitivity of ________ to stretch.

Answer 4

Nociceptive, muscle spindle fibers

Question 5

The ________ functions with the cortex in perception of pain and emotions.

Answer 5

Thalamus

Question 6

OMT is able to down-regulate the excitability of muscle spindles or other sites of the ________ pathway.

Answer 6

Ia reflex

Question 7

Counterstrain OMT is able to reduce the activity of a hyperactive muscle by disrupting the ________.

Answer 7

Pain-spasm-pain cycle

Question 8

“Wind up” refers to viscerosomatic reflexes demonstrating ________.

Answer 8

Summation

Question 9

Sensitization and secondary hyperalgesia likely contributes to ________.

Answer 9

Tender points

Question 10

________ cells are responsible for sending axons up ascending tracts and project into the brainstem and thalamus.

Answer 10

Projection

Question 11

The ________ reflex involves Ia afferent neurons and a homonymous α-motor neuron (M-wave).

Answer 11

Short-latency

Question 12

A study on the Achilles’ tendon suggested that counterstrain OMT reduced the excitability of ________, thereby decreasing nociceptive activity.

Answer 12

γ-motor neurons

Question 13

Viscerosomatic and somatoviscero reflexes occur due to overlap of ________ in the dorsal horn.

Answer 13

Primary afferent nociceptor fibers

Question 14

The ________ reflex bypasses the muscle spindles.

Answer 14

H

Question 15

The ________ receives projections from the cerebral cortex and brainstem. It has a key role in forming memories associated with fear.

Answer 15

Amygdala

Question 16

Central sensitization leading to altered dorsal horn activity will also alter activity in the ________.

Answer 16

Ventral horn

Question 17

The ________ is where transition for sensation to perception occurs.

Answer 17

Cerebral cortical pain matrix

Question 18

________ events can cause facilitation which predisposes the individual to misinterpretation of the innocuous stimuli.

Answer 18

Traumatic or painful

Question 19

The ________ tracts terminate in the nuclei of the brainstem and midbrain and may play a role in modulating pain.

Answer 19

Spinoreticular

Question 20

Prolonged exposure to a stimulus can lead to ________ that outlasts the stimulus.

Answer 20

Central sensitization

Question 21

Activated glial cells release ________ and other substances that increase spinal facilitation and hyperalgesia.

Answer 21

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 22

The ________ is a nociceptive system from primary afferents through the cerebral cortex.

Answer 22

Pain matrix