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Physiology of Nutricion > Physiology of Nutricion Test 1 > Flashcards

Physiology of Nutricion Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the major functional categories of nutrients.

A

Proteins, lipids, Carbs, Vitamins, Minerals

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2
Q

Energy Yielding Nutrients

A

Proteins, lipids, carbs

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3
Q

Non energy yielding nutrients

A

Water, vitamins, minerals

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4
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

Carbs, Linolenic Acid, Linoleic Acid, Vitamins, Minerals, Some AA’s (PVT. TIM HaLL), Water

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5
Q

kCal

A

unit of energy

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6
Q

Atwater values for different biological fuels?

A

Carbs-4kCal/gram
Fat- 9kCal/gram
Protein- 5.5kCal/gram
Alcohol-7kCal/gram

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7
Q

RDA

A

Recommended Daily Allowance- Levels of Essential nutrients
Adequate for most people
Decrease risk of chronic disease

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8
Q

AIs

A

Adequate Intakes- Tentative RDA’s, Need more scientific backing

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9
Q

EARs

A

Estimated Average Requirments- Estimated values to meet needs of half of the healthy individuals. Used to assess population intakes

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10
Q

ULs

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels- Upper limits of nutrients compatible with health. Limits should not be exceeded.

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11
Q

DRIs

A

Dietary Reference Intakes

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12
Q

Dietary Guidelines

A

Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan
Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount.
Limit calories from added sugars, saturated fats, and lower sodium intakes.
Shift to healthier food and beverage choices
Support healthy eating patters for all.

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13
Q

Components of the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid and cholesterol
Integral and peripheral Proteins
Carbs-glycoproteins and glycolipids

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14
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Encapsules the cytoplasm and controls what moves in and out of the cell

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Houses the cytosol and organelles

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Site of most DNA, RNA production, transcription

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17
Q

Mitochondrion

A

some DNA, site of MOST ATP production in cells

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein Synthesis,

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19
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain acid hydroxylates for digesting most biomolecule types.

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20
Q

Rough ER

A

Synthesis of proteins

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21
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesis of Lipid substances destine to be exported from the cell

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22
Q

ER

A

Major site of metabolic operations (Glucose-6-phosphate)

ethanol metabolism

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23
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages stuff from ER to be moved out of cell

Synthesizes some Carbohydrates

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24
Q

DNA -RNA-Protein

A

Transcription- DNA to RNA

Translation- RNA to Protein(in Ribosome)

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25
Q

Glycolysis

A

input: glucose
output: 2ATP, 2 NaDH,, 2Pyruvate

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26
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Input:Pyruvate
Output: Acetyl CoA, ATP, NADH H+, and FADH2, CO2

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27
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Input:O2, NADH, ADP, Pi
Outputs: Water, NAD+, ATP

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28
Q

Major cell types in Nervous System

A

Astrocyte
Microglia
Neuron

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29
Q

Astrocyte

A

Supports blood-brain barrier

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30
Q

Microglia

A

Resident immune cell for brain

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31
Q

Neuron

A

sends signals to the body

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32
Q

Brain lobes

A

Medula Oblongota, PrefrontalCortex

Limbic system, Corpus Callosum, Hippocampus

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33
Q

Medula Oblongota

A

controls unconscious actions (reptillion)

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34
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

logic and reasoning

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35
Q

Limbic System

A

emotions and memories stored

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36
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

communicates between left and right sides

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37
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory/learning

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38
Q

Action Potential

A

An electrical impulse triggered by sodium and potassium channels, moving electrical signal along the body of a nerve

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39
Q

Ions involved in NeuroTransmission

A

Sodium-Depolarizes cell by entering cell after stimulus occurs
Potassium:Repolarization- sodium pump closes and K pump opens allowing K to flow out

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40
Q

Neuro Transmitters

A 
Dopamine-reward
Serotonin-mood regulation
Epinephrine-adrenaline
Glutamate-weakens signals
Gamma-Strengthens signals
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41
Q

Precursor to Dopamine

A

L-tyrosine

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42
Q

Precursor to Noreprinepherine

A

dopamine

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43
Q

Precursor to Serotonin

A

L-tryptophan

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44
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between Nerve cells where neurotransmitters cross from cell to cell

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45
Q

How to turn off a nerve signal?

A

Turning off Dopamine, Noreprinepherine&epineferine. Pumped back into cell and packaged.
Turning off Seratonin (oxidized or re-uptake)
Turning off acetylcholine (Acetylcholesterase)
Turning off Glutamate (released into synaple and taken up my astrocyte)

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46
Q

Schwann cells

A

Oligrodendrocytes that insulate the neuron

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47
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary (brain to skeletal muscle

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48
Q

Automatic Nervous system

A

Parasympathetic Nervous system-rest and digest

Sympothetic nervous system -fight or flight

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49
Q

sYMPOTHETIC Nervous system

A

Fight or Flight

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50
Q

parasympathetic Nervous system

A

Rest and Digest

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51
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between nerve and muscle, where actionpotential is transferred

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52
Q

Critical Neurotransmitter for muscle contraction

A

Calcium

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53
Q

myofiber/myocytes

A

individual Muscle cells

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54
Q

myofibril

A

bundle of different protein chains

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55
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

holding cell for Ca2+

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56
Q

Sarcomere

A

functional unit of myofibril; thick and thin filiments; contractile unit of cell

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57
Q

Major components of myofibril

A

Thick and thin filaments

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58
Q

Thin Filaments

A

actin-myocin binding site
tropomyosin -keeps thin and thick filaments from interacting
troponin-gatekeeper

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59
Q

Thick Filaments

A

Groups of myosins

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60
Q

Muscle Contraction

A

Action Potential transferred to muscle cell
Potential opens sarcomere to release calcium which triggers contraction
Calcium interacts with filiments and opens myosin binding site by moving troponin

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61
Q

CA+ and ATP in Muscle Contraction

A

Calcium opens the binding site

ATP binds and splits myosin allowing it to craw

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62
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

No ATP to allow Muscles to Contract

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63
Q

Creatine

A

Reacts with ATP to form storage molecule-ATP phosphate. provides buffer totswitch from aerobic to anaerobic energy prodcution

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64
Q

cramp

A

Pyruvic acid is converted to lalcticacid

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65
Q

Chambers of the heart

A

Left and Right Ventrical

Left and right atrium

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66
Q

Left Atrium

A

Oxygenated, high pressure blood is pumped from lungs to left ventrical

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67
Q

Left Ventrical

A

Pump blood to rest of body

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68
Q

Right Atrium

A

(DEOXY) low pressure to right ventrical

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69
Q

Right Ventrical

A

(DEOXY) pump blood to lungs to be oxygenated

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70
Q

Heart Mumur

A

Turbulance caused by a leak in valve causing bidirectional flow

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71
Q

Heart Valve

A

Unidirectional valve that shaped to prevent backflow

aTRIUM FULL- VALVE OPEN

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72
Q

aUTORHYTHMIC CELLS

A

pacemakers-sets baseline rate ofcontraction independent of rest of body

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73
Q

Heart beat caused by?

A

Action potential caused by sodium, calcium and potassium

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74
Q

AV node

A

responsible for contraction

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75
Q

SA node

A

Causes contact and push into ventrical

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76
Q

Purkinji fibers

A

Responsible for contraction

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77
Q

Resting heart rate

A

100bpm

Sinoatrial nodes sets contraction pace

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78
Q

automatic nervous systems effect on heart rate?

A

parasympathetic slow HR

Sympathetic speeds up HR

79
Q

Veins

A

Low pressure deoxygenated, waste and CO2

80
Q

Arteries

A

high pressure

Nutrients and oxygen present

81
Q

Vasodilation

A

shear stress is read by protein sensors, smooth muscle relaxes, body increases capacity to make blood

82
Q

Ureter

A

conncects kidney to bladder

83
Q

Urethra

A

where urine exits the body

84
Q

Renal Cortex

A

outer portion of kidney between renal capsuleand renal medulla

85
Q

Renal Medulla

A

where blood gets filtered

86
Q

automatic nervous system effect on urination

A

Sympathetic nervous system controls sphincter and muscle contraction

87
Q

Nephron

A

filter blood in kidneys

88
Q

Glomerulus

A

Inside the bowmans capsule that filters

89
Q

counter-current multiplication

A

working unit of the kidney

90
Q

kidney controls pH by

A

Bicarbonate is a buffer in the blood
CO2 and carbonic anhydrase make carbonic acid
Breaks down into protons and will be filtered out

91
Q

kidney controls blood pressure by

A

controls reabsorbtion of water, sodium and potassium.

92
Q

how does the stomach produce HCl

A

Parietal cells

93
Q

Duodenum

A

Chymotripsinogen, bicarbonate, lipase/amylase and tyrpsinogen relassed from pancreas
Has transporters for peptides, AA, glucose and sodium

94
Q

Jejunum

A

Active transport of AA, vitamins, and glucose

95
Q

Ileum

A

Active transport of biosalts, vitamin b12

96
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Endocrine-Insulin and glucagon regulation

produces alpha and beta cells which produce glucogon and insulin respectively,

97
Q

Pancreatic Acini

A

Digestive
Produce digestive enzymes
Produce bicarbonate

98
Q

digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas

A

Chymotrypsin
trypsin
lipase
Amylase

99
Q

hormones produced by pancreas

A

Glucagon-alpha cells

insulin- beta cells

100
Q

bile acids

A

produced by the liver for fat emulsification

101
Q

Acinar cells

A

produce digestive enzymes

102
Q

Centoacinar cells

A

Produce bicarbonate

103
Q

Gut-associated Lymphoid tissue (Peyers Patches

A

located in illium

in charge of surveillance and recon for immune system

104
Q

colon

A

water and electrolyte reabsorbtion

105
Q

ileostomy

A

artificial opening of the illium

106
Q

colonostomy

A

artificial opening of the colon

107
Q

Important dietary monosaccharides

A

Alpha linkages can be broken down by humans, beta cannot

D- is naturally occurring, L is nto

108
Q

Important dietary disaccharides

A

Lactose- glucose and galactose
Maltose-glucose and glucose
Sucrose-Glucose and fructose

109
Q

Important dietary Polysaccharides

A

Starch

110
Q

Natural form of glucose?

A

D-glucose

111
Q

How starch is digested?

A

Amylase attaches to amylase at branching points

112
Q

Starch

A

Consists of amylose and amylopectin

has alpha linkages unlike cellulose

113
Q

How is Glucose absorbed?

A

SLGT-1

Sodium glucosetransporter 1

114
Q

why beans cause gas

A

Raffinose is a beta-linked sugar in beans than cannot be broken down
Sugars ferment, causing gas formation

115
Q

Fructose Absorbtion

A

passive transport

116
Q

Resistant starch

A 
Starch that cannot be digested
RS1:Digestable but innassessable
RS2:semicrystalline granules
RS3:Retrogradation during cooking
RS4: processed to make it resistant
117
Q

Important Dietary Fibers

A

Insoluble fiber-doesn’t take up water (cellulse and hemulose)
Soluble Fiber- takes up water (pectins)

118
Q

Functions of Fiber

A

Alters the viscosity of intestinal contents

119
Q

recommended intake of fiber?

A

25-45g/day

120
Q

recommended intake of whole grains

A

85g/day

50%

121
Q

Whole grain

A

intact, ground, or cracked or flaked seed whose primary components are the samerelative proportion as they exist in an intact seed

122
Q

multigrian

A

multiple types of grain in it, NOT WHOLE GRAIN

123
Q

Glycemic response

A

effect tht food or meal has on blood sugarlevels after consumption

124
Q

glycemic index

A

digestable carbs per serving

125
Q

Glycemic load

A

glycemic index//100

126
Q

Glucagon

A

increases blood glucose levels

increases gluconeogenesis and FA oxidation

127
Q

Insulin

A

Decreases blood glucose levels, increases glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, glycogen synthesis

128
Q

Insulin and Glut-4

A

move sugar out of blood into storage cells

129
Q

High Km

A

lower affinity for glucose

130
Q

Brain Km

A

low: great affinity for glucose

131
Q

glycogen

A

storage polysachharide of glucose

in the liver

132
Q

pentose phosphate pathway oxidative part

A

inputs NAD+

outputs: NADH and CO2

133
Q

pentose phosphate pathway non-oxidative

A

inputs: Ribulose 5 phosphate
outputs: G3P F6P

134
Q

gluconeogenis

A

glycolysis in reverse- pyruvate to glucose

135
Q

irreversible step in glycolysis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

136
Q

Stress Hormones

A

Cortisol-antagonizes insulin, increases gluconeogenesis

Epinepherine-turns on sympathetic nervous system

137
Q

Carb intake change from 1900

A

same amount of carb intake, but fiber is wayyy less

138
Q

fructose BAD

A

does not stimulate an insulin response when transported

139
Q

Major source of Fructose in US

A

Sweetened beverages

140
Q

Fatty liver

A

when no fat is present, liver tries to make all of the lipids it needs

141
Q

Major classes of lipids

A

Steroids, phospholipids, triglycerides, waxes

142
Q

Fatty acid synthesis

A

inputs: Acetyl CoA and Malonyl CoA
Outputs: Palmitic CoA

143
Q

How double bonds are introduced to fatty acids

A

get rid of hydroxyl group and dehydrate

144
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A

Linoleic and Linolenic acids- body cant make these.

Used to make other FA’s

145
Q

Omega naming

A

from back to carboxyl group

146
Q

Delta naming

A

From carboxyl group to backl

147
Q

Prostaglandins

A

causes fevers, vasodilation and hyperalgesia

148
Q

leukotrienes

A

cause airways to close by inflammation

149
Q

Thromboxanes and Prostacyclin

A

T-increases clotting

P-decreases clotting

150
Q

Omega 3 fatty acids

A

make PGE2- fevers, vasodilation and pain increaser

151
Q

Omega 6 fatty acids

A

decreases inflammation

152
Q

Cholesterol Synthesis

A

Mevelonic acid is used to make larger terpenes. Eventually you get squaline which constricts the double bonds and you get cholesterol

153
Q

Functions of Cholesterol

A

maintains membrane fluidity

154
Q

Lipitor

A

inhibits HMG-CoA so cholesterol cannot be made

155
Q

lipoproteins

A

PROTEINS AND PHOSPHO LIPIDS AND TGS AND CHOLESTEROL

156
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein (GOOD) (EMPTY)

157
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein (delivers cholesterol to body)

158
Q

VLDL

A

contains some TGs and cholesterol

159
Q

chylomicrons

A

contains TG’s and Cholesterol

160
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

buildup of cholesterol rich lesion with blood vescle leads to atheroma, causes turbulence when puncturesd

161
Q

beta oxidation

A

use of fat as energy. Binding of Acyl CoA to Canitine to form acyl carnite.
each cycle produces 14 ATP

162
Q

Ketone Bodies

A

act as transport mechanism for Acetyl CoA

Produced in liver

163
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Fatty liver disease casued by the use of fat as energy so no insulin response is triggered

164
Q

negative effects of trans fats

A

increase in cholesterol levels

lower HDL and Higher LDL

165
Q

Sat Fat neg effects

A

higher LDL

166
Q

Omega 3’s

A

we need more fish in our diets

167
Q

complex carbs

A

replace trans fats

168
Q

omega 3 benefits

A

Decreased BP
Decreases TG concentrations
Decreased CV disease

169
Q

lard, coconut, palm

A

fatty acid composition

170
Q

Trans fat food functions

A

better shelf life
Stability
Higher MP
easier to spread

171
Q

WHy not replace?

A

Cost
Development of new varieties
sENSORY
Food Packaging

172
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

Chain of AA

173
Q

Secondary Structure of proteins

A

sHEET or helical

174
Q

Tertiary structure of

A

proteins fold other proteins

175
Q

Quarternary structure of proteins

A

Subunits of larger structre

176
Q

Essential amino acids

A 
Phenolalinine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Lysine
Leucine
177
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Translation of mRNA to protein

178
Q

Protein Quality

A

Biological value-uses Net protein utilization- how much digestible protein is put into the diest an excreted.
Protein Efficiency ratio-mostfundamentally practical method of analyzing protein intake- weight gain due to protein intake

179
Q

Limiting Amino Acid

A

Found in shortest supply from incomplete proteins TLM

Lysine, threonine, methionine tryptophan

180
Q

endopeptidases

A

within the ends of chains

181
Q

exopeptidases`

A

without the ends of chains

182
Q

major protein digestive enzymes

A

Pepsin, chymopepsin, trypsin (all are endopeptidases)
Carboxy peptidases
aminopeptidases

183
Q

How are AA absorbed>

A

broken down to AA by endo and exopeptidases

184
Q

Ketogenic amino acids

A

leucine, lysine isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine threonine

185
Q

Protein Deanimation

A

energy production

186
Q

Protein transamination

A

interconversion of AA’s

187
Q

Urea Cycle

A

Ammonia is converted to urea

188
Q

how is protein lost from the body?

A

Urine and feces

189
Q

Nitrogen balance method

A

UrinaryN+fecal N+skinN)*6.25`

190
Q

WHO RECOMENDATIONS OF PROTEIN

A

Eggs and milk are most complete

191
Q

Kwashiokor

A

severe protein and EAA deficiency- EDEa, fatty liver, ulcerative dermatitis

192
Q

Marasmus

A

severe protein and energy deficiency

193
Q

Excess protein intake?

A

Renal stress and AA competition

Physiology of Nutricion (1 decks)

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