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103 Theme 2 - Blood > Physiology of normal white blood cells > Flashcards

Physiology of normal white blood cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Complete the diagram of haematopoiesis for lymphoid cells

A
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2
Q

Complete the diagram on haematopoiesis of myeloid cells

A
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3
Q

Name the 10 components of the immune system

A
  1. B cell
  2. T cell
  3. Large granular lymphocyte
  4. Mononuclear phagocyte
  5. Neutrophil
  6. Eosinophil
  7. Basophil
  8. Mast cell
  9. Platelets
  10. Tissue cells
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4
Q

Which cells make up adaptive immunity?

A

B cells and T cells

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5
Q

Which 7 components of the immune system are leucocytes?

A
  1. B cell
  2. T cell
  3. Large granular lymphocyte
  4. Mononuclear phagocyte
  5. Neutrophil
  6. Eosinophil
  7. Basophil
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6
Q

Which 3 components of the immune system are lymphocytes?

A
  1. B cell
  2. T cell
  3. Large granular lymphocyte
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7
Q

Which 7 components of the immune system are phagocytes?

A
  1. Mononuclear phagocyte
  2. Neutrophil
  3. Eosinophil
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8
Q

Which 3 components of the immune system are auxillary cells?

A
  1. Basophil
  2. Mast cell
  3. Platelets
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9
Q

Which 3 components of the immune system are granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil
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10
Q

What is a normal leucocyte (neutrophil) count in adult?

A

7.3 x 103

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11
Q

Which 2 cells make up the majority of lymphocytes?

Which type of cell makes up 5% of lymphocytes?

A

B cells and T cells

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12
Q

Which lymphocytes do and do not have antigen specific receptors?

A

B cells and T cells DO have antigen specific receptors

NK cells DO NOT have antigen specific receptors

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13
Q

What is the morphology of basophils?

A

Lobed nuclei and heavily granulated cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Function by releasing pharmacologically active substances from their cytoplasmic granules

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15
Q

Where do basophils circulate?

A

The blood

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16
Q

What sites are basophils recruited to and what is their role there?

A

Sites of allergic reactions or ectoparasite infection

Express FceRI

Allergen can bind to allergen-specific IgE bound to the cell surface of basophils causing degranulation of effector mediators

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17
Q

Complete the diagram of the morphology of a neutrophil

A
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18
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Eosinophil

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19
Q

What is the morphology of eosinophils?

A

Have bilobed nuclei and granulated cytoplasm

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20
Q

Why are eosinophils motile phagocytic cells?

A

Can migrate from the blood into the tissues

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21
Q

Where are the majority of eosinophils located?

A

Tissues

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22
Q

Which sites in the body are eosinophils recruited too and what is their role there?

A

Recruited to sites of allergic reactions

Express FceRI upon activation

Granules containing toxins e.g. peroxidases

Attack parasites in GI, respiratory and genito-urinary tracts

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23
Q

Which cell is this?

A

Neutrophil

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24
Q

Which cell type is a polymorphonuclear cell?

A

Neutrophil

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25
26
What is the morphology of neutrophils?
Multilobed nucleus
27
Where do neutrophils circulate?
Found in the blood
28
Which type of cell makes up 60% of circulating leucocytes?
Neutrophils
29
Where are neutrophils recruited to in the body and what is their role there?
Rapidly recruited to sites of infection/injury * ‘First responders’ to infection * Myeloperoxidase and ROS
30
When do numbers of neutrophils increased?
During bacterial infection
31
Which cell has a short lifespan of 8 hours - 4 days?
Neutrophils
32
Which cell is this?
Monocyte
33
What is the morphology of monocytes?
* Kidney-shaped nucleus * Precursors to macrophages
34
What soluble mediators do B cells produce?
Antibodies
35
What soluble mediators do T cells, large granular lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes produce?
Cytokines
36
What soluble mediators do mononuclear phagocytes produce?
Complement
37
What soluble mediators do basophils, mast cells and platelets produce?
Inflammatory mediators
38
What soluble mediators do tissue cells produce?
Interferons and cytokines
39
Where are monocytes found?
* Reservoir of monocytes in the spleen * Also circulate in bloodstream where they enlarge
40
What type of cell is a blood-bourne phagocyte?
Monocytes
41
Where and when do monocytes migrate?
Migrate into tissues approx. 1 day after release from the bone marrow
42
Which cell is tissue specific?
Macrophages
43
What is the morphology of macrophages?
5-10-fold larger than monocytes Contain many more organelles compared to monocytes e.g. lysosomes
44
Where are macrophages located?
Found in tissues Tissue-resident phagocytes
45
Which cell has a lifespan of months to years?
Macrophages
46
Complete the diagram on the morphology of a monocyte
47
Complete the diagram on the morphology of a macrophage
48
Which cells increase/activate in a bacterial infection?
­ Increased neutrophils (Increased­ monocytes in chronic infection)
49
Which cells increase/activate in a viral infection?
­ Increased lymphocytes; sometimes ­increased monocytes
50
Which cells increase/activate in a parasite infection?
­ Increased eosinophils + activation of mast cells
51
Which cells increase/activate in fungal infection?
­ Increased monocytes
52
Which cells increase/activate in allergy?
­ Increased basophils (­ ncreased eosinophils in chronic phase) Activation of mast cells
53
Where does recruitment of lymphocytes occur?
From the blood to tissues
54
Interaction of leucocytes with blood vessels is key to which process?
Recruitment
55
What are cytokines?
Low molecular weight (\< 30 kDa) regulatory proteins or glycoproteins
56
What is the role of cytokines?
Act as the messenger molecules of the immune system. Also assist in regulating the development of immune effector cells.
57
What type of signalling do cytokines undertake?
Generally act locally (paracrine signalling)
58
What are chemokines?
These are a type of cytokine that induce directed chemotaxis in local responsive cells
59
What is the role of chemokines?
Chemokines function mainly as attractants for leucocytes, recruiting monocytes and neutrophils to the site of infection
60
Name an important monocyte chemokine
MCP-1 – Monocyte chemotactic protein-1. (Also known as CCL-2)
61
What is inflammtion and what is it characterised by?
* A response of vascularised tissue to infections and damaged tissue * Characterised by heat, redness, pain and swelling
62
What is the purpose of inflammation?
Bring cells and molecules involved in host defence and repair to the site of infection/injury
63
Complete the diagram showing the 3 steps in inflammtion
64
What are the 3 components of the inflammatory response?
* Blood vessels * Phagocytic leucocytes * Plasma proteins (e.g. complement, antibodies)
65
What are the 5 steps of the inflammatory response?
1. Blood vessels dilate 2. Blood vessels become more permeable 3. Circulating leucocytes migrate into tissue 4. Leucocytes are activated 5. Activated leucocytes destroy microbes and unwanted material
66
Describe the difference between acute and chronic inflammation - Duration Development Cells Resolution
ACUTE - * Initial, rapid response * Develops within minutes * Lasts hours – days * Predominantly mediated by neutrophils * Resolves once stimulus is removed CHRONIC - * Lasts weeks – months * Predominantly mediated by mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes) * Tissue destruction * Attempts at healing (fibrosis)
67
Complete the diagram on the 3 steps of recruitment of monocytes to the site of inflammation
68
What are the 2 types of contact between endothelium and circulating cells?
* Initial contact: P-selectin and E-selectin on endothelium recognised by oligosaccharides (sulfated sialyl-Lewisx ) on leucocytes * Tighter adhesion: intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) on the endothelium recognised integrins on leucocytes
69
What is the role of MCP-1 in monocyte recruitment?
Adhering monocytes are stimulated by MCP-1 to cross the endothelium and lodge in the intima
70
What is activated endothelium a requirement for?
Inflammation
71
What 6 processes occur when adherent/activated platelets recruit and inflame monocytes?
1. Chemotaxis 2. Thrombosis 3. Proteolysis 4. Differentiation to macrophages 5. Activation 6. Adhesion
72
What type of cells can recognise, ingest and destroy many pathogens?
Phagocytic cells
73
How do phagocytic cells recognise pathogens?
These cells recognise pathogens damaged host molecules by means of cell surface receptors that can discriminate between the surface molecules displayed by pathogens and host cells. These receptors can also recognize damaged host molecules
74
Name 3 pattern recognition receptors
Macrophage mannose receptor Ligand: Conserved carbohydrate structures Scavenger receptors Ligand: anionic polymers, acetylated and oxidised LDL Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Ligand: range of ligands for various TLRs
75
Describe what is happening at 1,2 and 3 in phagocytosis
1. Occurs via actin-based mechanism and interaction with various cell surface receptors 2. Foreign particles internalized to form phagosomes 3. Fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes leads to formation of phagolysosomes where foreign particles are enzymatically degraded
76
What is opsonisation of pathogens?
Coating pathogen with circulating receptors
77
Which proinflammatory cytokines are released from activated macrophages?
IL-1β TNF-α IL-6
78
Complete the diagram on activation of macrophages by pathogens
79
What is atherosclerosis?
Build-up of plaque in lining of arteries
80
What process is this?
Atherosclerosis
81
What 3 areas of pathogenesis is involved in atherosclerosis?
* Endothelial cell dysfunction * Inflammation (mediated by monocytes/macrophages) * Dysregulation of lipid metabolism
82
What is atherogenesis?
Development of atherosclerotic plaque
83
What is the trigger for atherogenesis?
Damage of endothelium & deposition of lipids
84
Complete the diagram on atherogenesis

103 Theme 2 - Blood (10 decks)

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