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103 Theme 2 - Blood > Physiology of normal white blood cells > Flashcards

Physiology of normal white blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

Complete the diagram of haematopoiesis for lymphoid cells

A
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2
Q

Complete the diagram on haematopoiesis of myeloid cells

A
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3
Q

Name the 10 components of the immune system

A
  1. B cell
  2. T cell
  3. Large granular lymphocyte
  4. Mononuclear phagocyte
  5. Neutrophil
  6. Eosinophil
  7. Basophil
  8. Mast cell
  9. Platelets
  10. Tissue cells
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4
Q

Which cells make up adaptive immunity?

A

B cells and T cells

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5
Q

Which 7 components of the immune system are leucocytes?

A
  1. B cell
  2. T cell
  3. Large granular lymphocyte
  4. Mononuclear phagocyte
  5. Neutrophil
  6. Eosinophil
  7. Basophil
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6
Q

Which 3 components of the immune system are lymphocytes?

A
  1. B cell
  2. T cell
  3. Large granular lymphocyte
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7
Q

Which 7 components of the immune system are phagocytes?

A
  1. Mononuclear phagocyte
  2. Neutrophil
  3. Eosinophil
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8
Q

Which 3 components of the immune system are auxillary cells?

A
  1. Basophil
  2. Mast cell
  3. Platelets
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9
Q

Which 3 components of the immune system are granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil
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10
Q

What is a normal leucocyte (neutrophil) count in adult?

A

7.3 x 103

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11
Q

Which 2 cells make up the majority of lymphocytes?

Which type of cell makes up 5% of lymphocytes?

A

B cells and T cells

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12
Q

Which lymphocytes do and do not have antigen specific receptors?

A

B cells and T cells DO have antigen specific receptors

NK cells DO NOT have antigen specific receptors

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13
Q

What is the morphology of basophils?

A

Lobed nuclei and heavily granulated cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Function by releasing pharmacologically active substances from their cytoplasmic granules

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15
Q

Where do basophils circulate?

A

The blood

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16
Q

What sites are basophils recruited to and what is their role there?

A

Sites of allergic reactions or ectoparasite infection

Express FceRI

Allergen can bind to allergen-specific IgE bound to the cell surface of basophils causing degranulation of effector mediators

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17
Q

Complete the diagram of the morphology of a neutrophil

A
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18
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Eosinophil

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19
Q

What is the morphology of eosinophils?

A

Have bilobed nuclei and granulated cytoplasm

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20
Q

Why are eosinophils motile phagocytic cells?

A

Can migrate from the blood into the tissues

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21
Q

Where are the majority of eosinophils located?

A

Tissues

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22
Q

Which sites in the body are eosinophils recruited too and what is their role there?

A

Recruited to sites of allergic reactions

Express FceRI upon activation

Granules containing toxins e.g. peroxidases

Attack parasites in GI, respiratory and genito-urinary tracts

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23
Q

Which cell is this?

A

Neutrophil

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24
Q

Which cell type is a polymorphonuclear cell?

A

Neutrophil

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25
Q
A
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26
Q

What is the morphology of neutrophils?

A

Multilobed nucleus

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27
Q

Where do neutrophils circulate?

A

Found in the blood

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28
Q

Which type of cell makes up 60% of circulating leucocytes?

A

Neutrophils

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29
Q

Where are neutrophils recruited to in the body and what is their role there?

A

Rapidly recruited to sites of infection/injury

  • ‘First responders’ to infection
  • Myeloperoxidase and ROS
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30
Q

When do numbers of neutrophils increased?

A

During bacterial infection

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31
Q

Which cell has a short lifespan of 8 hours - 4 days?

A

Neutrophils

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32
Q

Which cell is this?

A

Monocyte

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33
Q

What is the morphology of monocytes?

A
  • Kidney-shaped nucleus
  • Precursors to macrophages
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34
Q

What soluble mediators do B cells produce?

A

Antibodies

35
Q

What soluble mediators do T cells, large granular lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes produce?

A

Cytokines

36
Q

What soluble mediators do mononuclear phagocytes produce?

A

Complement

37
Q

What soluble mediators do basophils, mast cells and platelets produce?

A

Inflammatory mediators

38
Q

What soluble mediators do tissue cells produce?

A

Interferons and cytokines

39
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A
  • Reservoir of monocytes in the spleen
  • Also circulate in bloodstream where they enlarge
40
Q

What type of cell is a blood-bourne phagocyte?

A

Monocytes

41
Q

Where and when do monocytes migrate?

A

Migrate into tissues approx. 1 day after release from the bone marrow

42
Q

Which cell is tissue specific?

A

Macrophages

43
Q

What is the morphology of macrophages?

A

5-10-fold larger than monocytes

Contain many more organelles compared to monocytes e.g. lysosomes

44
Q

Where are macrophages located?

A

Found in tissues

Tissue-resident phagocytes

45
Q

Which cell has a lifespan of months to years?

A

Macrophages

46
Q

Complete the diagram on the morphology of a monocyte

A
47
Q

Complete the diagram on the morphology of a macrophage

A
48
Q

Which cells increase/activate in a bacterial infection?

A

­ Increased neutrophils (Increased­ monocytes in chronic infection)

49
Q

Which cells increase/activate in a viral infection?

A

­ Increased lymphocytes; sometimes ­increased monocytes

50
Q

Which cells increase/activate in a parasite infection?

A

­ Increased eosinophils + activation of mast cells

51
Q

Which cells increase/activate in fungal infection?

A

­ Increased monocytes

52
Q

Which cells increase/activate in allergy?

A

­ Increased basophils (­ ncreased eosinophils in chronic phase)

Activation of mast cells

53
Q

Where does recruitment of lymphocytes occur?

A

From the blood to tissues

54
Q

Interaction of leucocytes with blood vessels is key to which process?

A

Recruitment

55
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Low molecular weight (< 30 kDa) regulatory proteins or glycoproteins

56
Q

What is the role of cytokines?

A

Act as the messenger molecules of the immune system.

Also assist in regulating the development of immune effector cells.

57
Q

What type of signalling do cytokines undertake?

A

Generally act locally (paracrine signalling)

58
Q

What are chemokines?

A

These are a type of cytokine that induce directed chemotaxis in local responsive cells

59
Q

What is the role of chemokines?

A

Chemokines function mainly as attractants for leucocytes, recruiting monocytes and neutrophils to the site of infection

60
Q

Name an important monocyte chemokine

A

MCP-1 – Monocyte chemotactic protein-1.

(Also known as CCL-2)

61
Q

What is inflammtion and what is it characterised by?

A
  • A response of vascularised tissue to infections and damaged tissue
  • Characterised by heat, redness, pain and swelling
62
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

Bring cells and molecules involved in host defence and repair to the site of infection/injury

63
Q

Complete the diagram showing the 3 steps in inflammtion

A
64
Q

What are the 3 components of the inflammatory response?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Phagocytic leucocytes
  • Plasma proteins (e.g. complement, antibodies)
65
Q

What are the 5 steps of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. Blood vessels dilate
  2. Blood vessels become more permeable
  3. Circulating leucocytes migrate into tissue
  4. Leucocytes are activated
  5. Activated leucocytes destroy microbes and unwanted material
66
Q

Describe the difference between acute and chronic inflammation -

Duration

Development

Cells

Resolution

A

ACUTE -

  • Initial, rapid response
  • Develops within minutes
  • Lasts hours – days
  • Predominantly mediated by neutrophils
  • Resolves once stimulus is removed

CHRONIC -

  • Lasts weeks – months
  • Predominantly mediated by mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes)
  • Tissue destruction
  • Attempts at healing (fibrosis)
67
Q

Complete the diagram on the 3 steps of recruitment of monocytes to the site of inflammation

A
68
Q

What are the 2 types of contact between endothelium and circulating cells?

A
  • Initial contact: P-selectin and E-selectin on endothelium recognised by oligosaccharides (sulfated sialyl-Lewisx ) on leucocytes
  • Tighter adhesion: intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) on the endothelium recognised integrins on leucocytes
69
Q

What is the role of MCP-1 in monocyte recruitment?

A

Adhering monocytes are stimulated by MCP-1 to cross the endothelium and lodge in the intima

70
Q

What is activated endothelium a requirement for?

A

Inflammation

71
Q

What 6 processes occur when adherent/activated platelets recruit and inflame monocytes?

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Thrombosis
  3. Proteolysis
  4. Differentiation to macrophages
  5. Activation
  6. Adhesion
72
Q

What type of cells can recognise, ingest and destroy many pathogens?

A

Phagocytic cells

73
Q

How do phagocytic cells recognise pathogens?

A

These cells recognise pathogens damaged host molecules by means of cell surface receptors that can discriminate between the surface molecules displayed by pathogens and host cells.

These receptors can also recognize damaged host molecules

74
Q

Name 3 pattern recognition receptors

A

Macrophage mannose receptor

Ligand: Conserved carbohydrate structures

Scavenger receptors

Ligand: anionic polymers, acetylated and oxidised LDL

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Ligand: range of ligands for various TLRs

75
Q

Describe what is happening at 1,2 and 3 in phagocytosis

A
  1. Occurs via actin-based mechanism and interaction with various cell surface receptors
  2. Foreign particles internalized to form phagosomes
  3. Fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes leads to formation of phagolysosomes where foreign particles are enzymatically degraded
76
Q

What is opsonisation of pathogens?

A

Coating pathogen with circulating receptors

77
Q

Which proinflammatory cytokines are released from activated macrophages?

A

IL-1β

TNF-α

IL-6

78
Q

Complete the diagram on activation of macrophages by pathogens

A
79
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Build-up of plaque in lining of arteries

80
Q

What process is this?

A

Atherosclerosis

81
Q

What 3 areas of pathogenesis is involved in atherosclerosis?

A
  • Endothelial cell dysfunction
  • Inflammation (mediated by monocytes/macrophages)
  • Dysregulation of lipid metabolism
82
Q

What is atherogenesis?

A

Development of atherosclerotic plaque

83
Q

What is the trigger for atherogenesis?

A

Damage of endothelium & deposition of lipids

84
Q

Complete the diagram on atherogenesis

A

103 Theme 2 - Blood (10 decks)

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