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Endocrine Physiology > Physiology of Endo > Flashcards

Physiology of Endo Flashcards

1
Q

Where is pancreas located ?

A
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of pancreas function ?

A

Exocrine ( pancreatic juice is produced in the duct which contains digestive enzymes and produces Bicarbonate to make it alkaline )

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3
Q

What does the Acinar cells produce?

A

Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic protease

This exocrine function

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4
Q

What is exocrine function do?

A

Pancreatic islets

Alpha cells produce glucagon (20%)

Beta cells produce insulin (70%)

Delta cells produce somatostatin which inhibits both glucagon and insulin (10%)

PP cells produce pancreatic polypeptide (5%)

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5
Q

What does insulin prevent?

A

Insulin prevent fat and breakdown of glycogen

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6
Q

What does insulin inhibit?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

In case of hyperglycaemia, which hormones will be release?

A

Beta cells 70% ( within the islets of Langerhans)

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8
Q

If you’re fasting which hormones get released?

A

Alpha cells 20%

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9
Q

which hormones balances when one gets release glucagon or insulin ?

A

Somatostatin produced by Delta cells

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10
Q

In case of hypoglycemia, glucagon is secreted by?

A

Alpha cells

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11
Q

What does glucagon stimulates

A

glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis within the liver therefore, increases blood glucose levels

It also inhibits insulin secretion

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12
Q

What is Hyperinsulinism?

A

Excessive insulin secretion which results in hypoglycaemia
disorientation
unconsiousness

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13
Q

What does Proximal Convoluted tubule contain?

A

Reabsorption
A threshold is 180mg

If the glucose level goes above 200mg, it will be thrown out in the collecting duct and that is the one tested in urine dipstick

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14
Q

What is the role of Loop of Henle?

A

Na and H20 balance

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15
Q

What is the role of DCT?

A

Secretion

Urea will be converted into Ammonia and it is toxic

Drugs will be excreted here

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16
Q

What is the role of Collecting duct ?

A

ADH

17
Q

If there is polyuria, increase in urine outgoing lead to decrease in blood volume?

A

SIADH

18
Q

3 ps of diabetes

A

Polyuria - excessive urine output
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyphagia - excessive hunger and food consumption

19
Q

Which hormone is released after food hyperglycaemia ?

A

Beta cells 70%

20
Q

Once glucose is released where does it work?

A

It works in the Brain, muscles but if the glucose is not sufficient, it will break down the fat (adipose tissue)

Breaking down of fat to the glucose is called as glycogenlysis

Fat to the gluconeolysis

21
Q

Genetic of T1DM ?

A

HLA linkage - human leukocyte antigen immune-mediated

22
Q

which cell failure does type 2 diabetes lead to?

A

B cells failure

23
Q

When is Gestational Diabetes confirmed?

A

After only 20 weeks they will confirm the diagnosis

24
Q

What is diabetic insipidus ?

A

Peeing a lot (polyuria)
Feel thirsty (polydipsia)

25
Q

Causes of Diabetes Insipidus ?

A

Central - inadequate ADH released

Nephrogenic - when the kidney is unresponsive to ADH

psychogenic - too much of water drinking

26
Q

Diagnosis test for Diabetes Insipidus ?

A

A water deprivation Test
Vasopressin (ADH) challenge Test

27
Q

SIADH? toooo much of ADH

A

It is a posterior pituitary disorder of ADH
Hypersecretion

increase in BP, decrease in urinary output, oedema

28
Q

What does SIADH lead to?

A

Hyponatremia
electrolyte imbalance
The higher the ADH the more concentrate is urine

29
Q

Where does aldosterone act?

A

In the Loop of henle

30
Q

What does Zona Glomerulosa secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoid/ aldosterone

Take care of Na balance

31
Q

What does Zona Fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoid / Cortisol/ Steroid

increase glucose level

32
Q

What does Zona Reticularis Secrete ?

A

Androgens

masculinising effects

33
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Epinephrine

34
Q

What role does the cortisol play?

A

Supresses inflammation
Decreases bone formation (osteoporotic)
Regulates Blood pressure
Increases Blood sugar

35
Q

Addison’s associated with?

A

Pigmentation
insufficiency of adrenal hormones (ACTH)

36
Q

Hyperaldosterone problem in (adrenal gland)

A

Decrease in cortisol
Decrease in Aldosterone
increase in CRH
increase in ACTH

1 degree when there is a problem in adrenal glands

Management HRT

37
Q

The problem in Anterior Pituitary

A

Decrease cortisol
Increase in CRH
Decrease in ACTH

2 degrees when there is a problem in the Pituatory

Management HRT

38
Q

Problem in Hypothalamus

A

Decrease Cortisol
Decrease ACTH
Decrease CRH

39
Q
A

Endocrine Physiology (1 decks)

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