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MSK final > Physiology of Connective Tissue -Brownell > Flashcards

Physiology of Connective Tissue -Brownell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue in animals?

A

muscle
nerve
epithelial
connective

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2
Q

What does connective tissue make up?

A

cartilage, bone, tendons, adipose, blood, marrow, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue

forms layers and/or barriers between other tissue types

provides cushioning and resilience against mechanical force and stress

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3
Q

What are the major components of the ECM of connective tissue?

A
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) (hyaluronan is the simplest GAG)
  • Proteins (incl. collagens and glycoproteins)
  • Proteoglycans (protein + GAGs)
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4
Q

What is the function of hyaluronan? How is this achieved?

A

water storage

the negative charge of hyaluronan facilitates water retention

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5
Q

What is the function of proteoglycans in CT ECM? What is the major proteoglycan found in cartilage?

A
  • function as sieves, filters or mechanical nets

* aggrecan=major in cartilage –> mechanical suport

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6
Q

Where does betaglycan (proteoglycan) exist in CT?

A

cell surface and matrix

binds TGF beta

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7
Q

Where does Decorin exist in the connective tissue? What is its function?

A

widespread.

binds to type I collagen fibrils and TGF beta

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8
Q

Where does Periecan exist in the connective tissue? What is its function?

A

basal laminae

structural and filtering function of the basal lamina

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9
Q

Where does Syndecan-1 exist in the connective tissue? What is its function?

A

cell surface

cell adhesion and binds FGF and other growth factors

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10
Q

What is the major proteinaceous component of the ECM? What is its structure

A

collagen fibers

helical trimer (glycine and usually proline and hydroxyproline) –> 3 cable-like structures coming together

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11
Q

What is Vitamin C a required cofactor for?

A

the hydroxylation of lysine and proline in collagen fibers

deficiency in high altitude scan cause a scurvy like condition

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12
Q

What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A

genetic defects in collagen or tenascin X (ECM glycoprotein)

=>extra stretchy skin and hyper mobility of joints

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13
Q

What is the major ECM component of arteries?

A

Elastin

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14
Q

What is Marfan Syndrome? What causes it?

A

Mutation in fibrillin-1 which associates with elastin and is a major part of arteries

increased flexibility, large hands, and can result in aortic dilation and rupture

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15
Q

What is the function of fibronectin?

A

Plasma fibronectin is recruited to wound sites where it promotes wound healing, first by helping form the fibrin clot and then in linking the ECM components to cells to close the wound.

also important for cell adhesion, migration and clotting

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16
Q

What is the function of the basal lamina? What is this important in?

A

specialized substructure of ECM, underlies epithelium and other organs

preventing metastasis of cancer

17
Q

What is required for the integrity of muscle? What results is a problem with this component?

A

dystroglycan complex (DGC) –> links the cytoskeleton to the basal lamina

muscular dystrophy (dystrophin associates with this DCD) –> mm weakness, atrophy, eventually paralysis

18
Q

What are the cell surface receptors that bridge the ECM and the cytoplasm? What are these essential in?

A

Integrins

can activate molecules in or out of the cell.

essential for the attachment to substrate and for cell migration

19
Q

What are 4 important integrin subtypes?

A

fibronectin, laminin, fibrinogen, laminin

20
Q

What is required for anchorage-dependent growth?

A

fibronectin (an integrin) attachment to the ECM is necessary to stimulate and guide growth

21
Q

What structure is responsible for the myotendinous junction?

A

Integrins

22
Q

What structure anchors epithelial cells to the basal lamina? How does it do so?

A

integrins

through hemidesmosomes

23
Q

What does a defect in hemidesmosome laminins cause?

A

junctional epidermolysis bullosa

-disruption of the normal mechanical connections between epithelial cells (because 1 molecule in the basal lamina does not function properly

  • Blistering of skin/scalp and epithelia of throat, esophagus (difficulty swallowing =dysphagia), upper airway, stomach, intestines and urinary tract
  • Loss of fingernails and toenails
  • Thin-appearing skin (atrophic scarring)
  • Dental abnormalities, such as tooth decay from poorly formed tooth enamel
  • Excessive sweating

MSK final (21 decks)

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