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Patho Exam 2 > Physiology of Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Physiology of Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

deliver oxygen and nutrients to organs, tissues, and cells and transport carbon dioxide for elimination

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2
Q

How big is the heart?

A

the size of a man’s closed fist

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3
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

to pump enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs

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4
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Thoracic cavity in the mediastinum, above the diaphragm, behind the sternum, in front of the spine

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5
Q

What is the top of the heart called?

A

base

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6
Q

What is the bottom of the heart called?

A

Apex

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7
Q

What are the 4 layers of the heart?

A

pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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8
Q

Which layer is a double-walled sac that encloses the heart and serves as support and protection?

A

pericardium

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9
Q

________ is found between the layers of the pericardium to minimize friction of the layers as they rub together with each heartbeat.

A

Pericardial fluid

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10
Q

Which layer is the outermost layer that contains coronary arteries?

A

Epicardium

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11
Q

Which layer is the middle and thickest layers that is made of muscle?

A

Myocardium

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12
Q

Which layer is the thin innermost layer that forms the heart valves?

A

Endocardium

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13
Q

What is the job of the heart?

A

to pump

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14
Q

Which layer deals with the heart pump?

A

myocardium

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15
Q

What is the job of the aorta, arteries, and arterioles?

A

distribution system

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16
Q

What kind of walls are the aorta, arteries, and arterioles?

A

elastic and muscular (smooth)

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17
Q

What is the job of the capillaries?

A

exchange vessels

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18
Q

Skeleteal muscles have a ____ capillary network.

A

dense; 2,000-3,000 per square mm, 1 in 30-40 open at rest

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19
Q

What is the job of the veins?

A

Collection and return system

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20
Q

How much of the body’s blood volume do the veins hold?

A

64%

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21
Q

What are the 4 things associated with the heart as a pump?

A

electrical activity, mechanical activity, cardiac output, and coronary blood flow

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22
Q

______ is the rate and rhythm of cardiac muscle contraction PLUS.

A

Electrical activity

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23
Q

______ is the contraction and coordination of cardiac muscle and heart valves EQUALS.

A

Mechanical activity

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24
Q

______ pumps blood and oxygen through pulmonary and peripheral circulations REQUIRES.

A

Cardiac Output

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25
Q

_____ delivers blood and oxygen to heart muscle.

A

Coronary blood flow

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26
Q

What are the 2 main heart valves?

A

Semilunar valves and AV valves

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27
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

A

pulmonic and aortic valve

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28
Q

Which valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?

A

pulmonic valve

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29
Q

Which valve is between the left ventricle and aorta?

A

Aortic valve

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30
Q

What are the 2 AV valves?

A

Tricuspid and Mitral valve

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31
Q

Which valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid

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32
Q

Which valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Mitral

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33
Q

What type of muscle is striated and has intercalated disks?

A

Cardiac

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34
Q

What 2 filaments does the cardiac muscle have?

A

Actin and Myosin

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35
Q

_____ is a specialized cell membrane that separates cardiac muscle cells from one another.

A

Intercalated disks

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36
Q

What do the intercalated disks allow?

A

AP to easily pass from one cell to the next

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37
Q

Cardiac muscle is a _____ of many cardiac muscle cells.

A

syncytium

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38
Q

What happens when one cardiac muscle cell depolarizes?

A

all cells depolarize (allows for contraction)

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39
Q

Cardiac muscle is tuned for ____ metabolism.

A

Aerobic

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40
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of cardiac cells?

A

Automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility

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41
Q

_____ is the ability to create an impulse without outside stimulation.

A

Automaticity

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42
Q

_____ is the ability to conduct an impulse to neighboring cells

A

Conductivity

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43
Q

_____ is the ability to depolarize.

A

Excitability

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44
Q

_____ is the ability to contract.

A

contractility

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45
Q

All but ____ are electrical characteristics.

A

Contractility

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46
Q

What characteristic is contractility?

A

mechanical

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47
Q

____ is the ability to spontaneously generate an AP.

A

automaticity

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48
Q

What are 2 examples of automaticity?

A

SA node, AV node

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49
Q

_____ rapidly transmit AP through heart.

A

Conductive properties

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50
Q

What are two examples of conductive properties?

A

Av bundle, Purkinje fibers

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51
Q

Pacemaker cells are ______.

A

automaticity

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52
Q

Specialized muscle cells are _____.

A

myogenic (self-excitable)

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53
Q

What does the ANS do to myocardial cells?

A

sends signals to speed up or slow down HR

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54
Q

What is the natural rate of discharge of SA node?

A

100 bpm

55
Q

What is the normal heart rate?

A

70 bpm

56
Q

The AV node discharges how many bpm?

A

40-60

57
Q

Bundle branches and Purkinje fibers discharge how many bpm?

A

20-40

58
Q

What is the primary pacemaker?

A

SA node

59
Q

What is the secondary pacemaker?

A

AV node

60
Q

What is the tertiary pacemaker?

A

Bundle branches and Purkinje fibers

61
Q

What is the SA node resting membrane potential?

A

-55 to -60 mV

62
Q

Automatic slow leakage of Na+ into SA nodal cells leads to spontaneous _______.

A

Depolarization

63
Q

When other cardiac tissue generates a faster depolarization rate, it is known as _____.

A

Ectopic pacemakers

64
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle (non pacemaker cells)?

A

-85 to -95 mV

65
Q

AP of cardiac muscle is caused by opening of fast ____ channels.

A

sodium

66
Q

How long does the plateau last in a ventricular cardiac muscle?

A

.2-.3 seconds (15x longer than skeletal muscle)

67
Q

What caused the plateau?

A

slow calcium channels

68
Q

How long did the refractory period last in ventricles of cardiac muscle?

A

.25-.30 seconds

69
Q

What caused the refractory period?

A

opening of potassium channels

70
Q

In cardiac muscles, AP causes release of ____ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

Calcium

71
Q

Calcium can flow through t-tubles _____ from extracellular fluid.

A

directly

72
Q

Calcium release in cardiac cells leads to interaction of ____ and _____.

A

actin, myosin (excitation-contraction coupling)

73
Q

What is the order for conduction through the heart?

A

Sa node, atrium, AV node, Purkinje fibers, ventricle

74
Q

Why is there a delay of impulse at AV bundle?

A

the concentration of intercalated disk is much less

75
Q

P wave = SA node _______.

A

Depolarization

76
Q

Spread of depolarization across atria causes contraction of ____.

A

atria

77
Q

What are the 4 phases of systole?

A

isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, protodiastole, isovolumetric relaxation

78
Q

______: ventricles contract but no blood is flowing.

A

Isovolumetric contraction

79
Q

________: pulmonary and aortic valves open during ventricular contraction, at pressures of 8 mmHg (pulmonary) and 80 mmHg (aortic).

A

ventricular ejection

80
Q

Left ventricular contraction generates a pressure of 120 mmHg in _____ and lasts .08-.12 seconds.

A

aorta

81
Q

______: blood flow slows as pressures equalize.

A

protodiastole

82
Q

_____: ventricles relax, valves close.

A

isovolumetric relaxation

83
Q

____ valves are closed during systole.

A

AV

84
Q

What happens to the ventricles during diastole?

A

they relax and fill with blood

85
Q

What valves close during diastole?

A

Pulmonary and aortic

86
Q

_____: AV valves open during systole

A

rapid filling phase

87
Q

_____: flow into the ventricles slow as pressures equalize.

A

diastasis

88
Q

Ventricular end-diastolic volume is ______mL.

A

110-120

89
Q

What percent of ventricular filling occurs during diastole?

A

75%

90
Q

____: contraction of atria supply remaining 20-30% of end-diastolic volume.

A

Atrial Kick

91
Q

SV is ____ mL.

A

70

92
Q

Ventricular end-systolic volume is ____ mL.

A

40-50

93
Q

____ = SV / end diastolic volume

A

Ejection fraction

94
Q

Heart pumps about _____% of EDV with each beat.

A

60

95
Q

Work output of the heart is determined by ___ and ____.

A

pre;pad, afterload

96
Q

_____= end-diastolic pressure in ventricles

A

preload

97
Q

____= pressure in aorta or pulmonary artery

A

afterload

98
Q

The venous return and end-diastolic volume regulate cardiac contractility and cardiac output known as?

A

Frank-Starling mechanism

99
Q

Venous return is important regulator of ___.

A

CO

100
Q

_____= amount of blood that flows from veins bak to right atrium each minute.

A

Venous return

101
Q

Sympathetic stimulation increases ____ and contractility.

A

HR

102
Q

Sympathetic stimulation can increase HR to ____bpm.

A

180-200

103
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation _____ HR.

A

decreases

104
Q

Fast HR can _____ CO because there is not enough time for heart to fill during diastole.

A

decrease

105
Q

Alterations in ____ and _____ levels can significantly affect cardiac function.

A

Calcium, potassium

106
Q

_____ nerve (parasympathetic) has minimal innervation of cardiac muscle.

A

Vagus

107
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation deals with ______.

A

Acetylcholine

108
Q

What slows HR, decreases rate of SA node discharge, and decreases excitability of fibers between SA node and AV node?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

109
Q

Acetylcholine increases permeability of SA and AV fibers to ____.

A

potassium

110
Q

Potassium leaves cells ____ membrane potential.

A

lowering

111
Q

Sympathetic stimulation deals with ____.

A

norepinephrine

112
Q

What increases HR and contractility, rate of SA node discharge, rate of cardiac impulse conduction in all parts of heart, and force of atrial and ventricular contraction?

A

sympathetic stimulation

113
Q

Norepinephrine increases permeability of ___ and _____.

A

sodium, calcium

114
Q

Large Q waves greater than .04 seconds in duration may represent _____.

A

Myocardial Infarction

115
Q

Flat, downsloping or depressed ST segments may indicate _____.

A

coronary ischemia

116
Q

Abnormal T waves (depressed or peaked) can indicate ______ (ischemia or electrolyte abnormalities.

A

disease

117
Q

_____: transport blood under high pressure; strong, elastic walls; rapid blood flow.

A

arteries

118
Q

_____: act as “control valves”; smooth muscle in vascular walls; relate blood flow to capillaries through vasodilation and vasoconstriction; slower heart rate of slow.

A

arterioles

119
Q

______: exchange oxygen, nutrients, and other substances between interstitial space; thin vascular walls.

A

capillaries

120
Q

_____: collect blood from capillaries

A

venuoles

121
Q

_____: transport blood back to heart; reservoir for blood; thin vascular walls; low pressure; rapid flow compared with capillaries and venuoles.

A

veins

122
Q

___ contain some smooth muscle and are innervated by sympathetic fibers.

A

veins

123
Q

Venoconstriction can _____ venous return to heart.

A

increase

124
Q

Normal mean arterial pressure in systemic circulation?

A

93 mmHg

125
Q

______ is difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

A

Pulse pressure

126
Q

Normal capillary pressure in systemic circulation?

A

17 mmHg

127
Q

Normal venous pressure in systemic circulation?

A

0 mmHg at vena cava

128
Q

Normal systolic pressure in pulmonary circulation?

A

25 mmHg

129
Q

Normal diastolic pressure in pulmonary circulation?

A

8 mmHg

130
Q

Normal mean arterial pressure in pulmonary circulation?

A

16 mmHg

131
Q

Normal capillary pressure in pulmonary circulation?

A

7 mmHg

132
Q

____ is determined by pressure gradient and vascular resistance.

A

Blood flow

133
Q

______: resistance inversely related to radius of vessel.

A

Poiseulle’s Law

Patho Exam 2 (1 decks)

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