Physiology of cardiology - note questions

Question 1

Receptor for Ach

Answer 1

muscarinic cholinergic

Question 2

Receptor for phenylephrine

Answer 2

alpha adrenergic

Question 3

Receptor for isoproferenol

Answer 3

beta adrenergic

Question 4

Receptor for eipnephrine

Answer 4

Beta and alpha

Question 5

Receptors for norepinephrine

Answer 5

alpha and beta

Question 6

Effects of Ach

Answer 6

decreased heart rate, conduction and cardiac strenght
dialate arterioles
increase gi motility and relax sphincters
constrict pupil
increase glycogen synthesis

Question 7

Effects of phenylephrine

Answer 7

Constrict arterioles and veins
inhibit gi motility
constrict spleen
dialate pupil

Question 8

Effect of isoproterenol

Answer 8

b1 receptors: increase heart rate, conduction and contractility = increase bl. pr. and cardiac output
b2 receptors: dialate arterioles = peripheral resistance and bl. pr. decrease

Question 9

Effect of norepinephrine

Answer 9

similar to epinephrine, greater effect on bl. pr. and slight increase in heart rate

NB, sudden change in arterial pr. may lead to respiratory inhibition or apnea !

Question 10

Effect of epinephrine

Answer 10

increase bl. pr., but baroreflex response may decrease the heart rate
systolic, diastolic and mean carotid bl. flow increase
CVP may change with venous constriction or in response to effectivness of heart.

Question 11

What activates \ blocks muscarinic receptors?

Answer 11

Activates: Ach
Blocks: Atropine

Question 12

What can Ach cause?

Answer 12

AV block or sinus arrest

Question 13

Modalities present in vagus nerve?

Answer 13

GVE = parasymph. fibers to stomach, heart and lungs
GVA = sensory info from viceral organs, pressure receptors in aortic arch
SVA = taste from glottis 
SVE = motor to muscles of pharynx and larynx

Question 14

Cutting RIGHT vagal nerve, what happens?

Answer 14

Usually sinus arrest

decrease respiration, heart rate and increase venous pressure

Question 15

Cutting LEFT vagal nerve, what happens?

Answer 15

Usually AV block

slight bradycardia, increased PR interval

Question 16

Baroreflexes, where can we find them?

Answer 16

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

Question 17

What does baroreceptors react to ?

Answer 17

Amount of strech\ pressure

Question 18

Routes of signal from baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch

Answer 18

Carotid sinus - carotid sinus nerve - glossopharyngeal nerve - cardiovascular control areas in the medulla

aortic arch - sensory fibers of vagus nerve - medulla

Question 19

Response of medulla to info from baroreceptors

Answer 19

vagus + symphatetic nerves sends signals to control heart rate + strenght
spinal nerves sends signals to control peripheral vasoconstriction of the arterioles all over body

Question 20

What drug can we give in an experiment to increase arterial pressure that will give us baroreflex response ?

Answer 20

Phenylephrine

Question 21

What drug can we use in an experiment to decrease arterial pressure by vasodialation?

Answer 21

nitroglycerin

Question 22

What happens at inspiration?

Answer 22

Intrapleural pressure becomes negative, which increase compliance of the pulmonary vasculature

increases right atrial filling, increases right heart output

Question 23

Possitive pressure ventilation, what happens?

Answer 23

alveolar pressure goes positive, decreased transmural pressure, increased blood flow resistance and pulmonary arterial resistance, decreased pulmonary flow and left filling, aortic flow and arterial pressure

Question 24

Spontaneous respiration, what happens?

Answer 24

Alveolar pressure goes negative, increased transmural pressure of pulmonary blood vessels, decreased pulmonary arterial pressure, increased pulmonary blood flow.
increased left atrial filling pressure, aortic blood flow and arterial blood pressure during inspiration.

Question 25

What will happen if you add to much of positive pressure ventilation?

Answer 25

The capillaries will collapse !

Question 26

What artery do you use when you want to put in a catheter to the left heart?

Answer 26

Femoral artery

Question 27

What vein do you choose if you want to put a chateter to the right heart ?

Answer 27

Jugular vein

Question 28

How do calculate average of systolic and diastolic pressure ?

Answer 28

systolic + (2x) diastolic / 3

Question 29

What is atelectasis?

Answer 29

The collapse of parts of the lung when dog is in surgery and positive pressure ventilation is used

Question 30

What happens during atrial fibrillations?

Answer 30

R-waves are not followed by pressure pulses = pulse deficit effect : cardiac output continues but is less efficient due to lack of coordination between atrial and ventricular contractions

Question 31

What happens during ventricular fibrillations?

Answer 31

if ventricular fibrillation occurs with atrial fibrillation = blood pressure = 0 ventricular fibrillation is lethal and atrial = not lethal cardiac massage can be applied during ventricular fibrillation requires electric defibrillation to repolarize the entire myocardium and let the sinus node set a new rhythm.

Question 32

What happens during systole

Answer 32

Contraction of heart

Question 33

What happens during diastole

Answer 33

Relaxation of the heart

Question 34

P-wave

Answer 34

atrial depolarization

Question 35

QRS complex

Answer 35

Ventricular depolarization

Question 36

T-wave

Answer 36

ventricular repolarization

Question 37

Heart sounds

Answer 37

S1 and S2 ``` s1= closure of AV valves at beginning of isovolumetric contraction s2= closure of aortic and pulmonary valves at the beginning of isovolumetric relaxation ```

Question 38

Mitral insufficiency

Answer 38

Left atrioventricular valve valve does not close properly atrial pressure increased + rate of ventricular filling + left atrial filling + diastolic ventricular vol holosystolic murmur

Question 39

Mitral stenosis

Answer 39

increased left ventricular pressure decreased slope of left vetricular volume prolonged p-wave continuous diastolic murmur

Question 40

Aortic insufficiency

Answer 40

increased ventricular pressure, left atrial pressure, ventricular volume Aortic pressure drops first, then increases during systole. QRS-complex, R-wave increased

Question 41

Aortic stenosis

Answer 41

Increased left ventricular pressure, R-wave Decreased aortic pressure, left ventricular volume systolic murmur

Question 42

Combined aortic stenosis and insufficiency

Answer 42

increased left ventricular pressure, left ventricular volume, R-wave decreased aortic pressure diastolic + systolic murmur

Question 43

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 43

Increased left ventrocular pressure, aortic pressure, left ventricular volume, R-wave systolic and diastolic murmur

Question 44

Pulmonic stenosis

Answer 44

increased right arterial pressure, right ventricular pressure, right ventricular volume, R-wave abnormal heart sounds

Question 45

Hypertension

Answer 45

Increased pulse pressure, left ventricular pressure during diastole