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Physiology of cardiology > Physiology of cardiology - note questions > Flashcards

Physiology of cardiology - note questions Flashcards

1
Q

Receptor for Ach

A

muscarinic cholinergic

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2
Q

Receptor for phenylephrine

A

alpha adrenergic

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3
Q

Receptor for isoproferenol

A

beta adrenergic

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4
Q

Receptor for eipnephrine

A

Beta and alpha

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5
Q

Receptors for norepinephrine

A

alpha and beta

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6
Q

Effects of Ach

A

decreased heart rate, conduction and cardiac strenght
dialate arterioles
increase gi motility and relax sphincters
constrict pupil
increase glycogen synthesis

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7
Q

Effects of phenylephrine

A

Constrict arterioles and veins
inhibit gi motility
constrict spleen
dialate pupil

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8
Q

Effect of isoproterenol

A

b1 receptors: increase heart rate, conduction and contractility = increase bl. pr. and cardiac output
b2 receptors: dialate arterioles = peripheral resistance and bl. pr. decrease

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9
Q

Effect of norepinephrine

A

similar to epinephrine, greater effect on bl. pr. and slight increase in heart rate

NB, sudden change in arterial pr. may lead to respiratory inhibition or apnea !

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10
Q

Effect of epinephrine

A

increase bl. pr., but baroreflex response may decrease the heart rate
systolic, diastolic and mean carotid bl. flow increase
CVP may change with venous constriction or in response to effectivness of heart.

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11
Q

What activates \ blocks muscarinic receptors?

A

Activates: Ach
Blocks: Atropine

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12
Q

What can Ach cause?

A

AV block or sinus arrest

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13
Q

Modalities present in vagus nerve?

A 
GVE = parasymph. fibers to stomach, heart and lungs
GVA = sensory info from viceral organs, pressure receptors in aortic arch
SVA = taste from glottis 
SVE = motor to muscles of pharynx and larynx
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14
Q

Cutting RIGHT vagal nerve, what happens?

A

Usually sinus arrest

decrease respiration, heart rate and increase venous pressure

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15
Q

Cutting LEFT vagal nerve, what happens?

A

Usually AV block

slight bradycardia, increased PR interval

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16
Q

Baroreflexes, where can we find them?

A

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

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17
Q

What does baroreceptors react to ?

A

Amount of strech\ pressure

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18
Q

Routes of signal from baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch

A

Carotid sinus - carotid sinus nerve - glossopharyngeal nerve - cardiovascular control areas in the medulla

aortic arch - sensory fibers of vagus nerve - medulla

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19
Q

Response of medulla to info from baroreceptors

A

vagus + symphatetic nerves sends signals to control heart rate + strenght
spinal nerves sends signals to control peripheral vasoconstriction of the arterioles all over body

20
Q

What drug can we give in an experiment to increase arterial pressure that will give us baroreflex response ?

A

Phenylephrine

21
Q

What drug can we use in an experiment to decrease arterial pressure by vasodialation?

A

nitroglycerin

22
Q

What happens at inspiration?

A

Intrapleural pressure becomes negative, which increase compliance of the pulmonary vasculature

increases right atrial filling, increases right heart output

23
Q

Possitive pressure ventilation, what happens?

A

alveolar pressure goes positive, decreased transmural pressure, increased blood flow resistance and pulmonary arterial resistance, decreased pulmonary flow and left filling, aortic flow and arterial pressure

24
Q

Spontaneous respiration, what happens?

A

Alveolar pressure goes negative, increased transmural pressure of pulmonary blood vessels, decreased pulmonary arterial pressure, increased pulmonary blood flow.
increased left atrial filling pressure, aortic blood flow and arterial blood pressure during inspiration.

25
Q

What will happen if you add to much of positive pressure ventilation?

A

The capillaries will collapse !

26
Q

What artery do you use when you want to put in a catheter to the left heart?

A

Femoral artery

27
Q

What vein do you choose if you want to put a chateter to the right heart ?

A

Jugular vein

28
Q

How do calculate average of systolic and diastolic pressure ?

A

systolic + (2x) diastolic / 3

29
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

The collapse of parts of the lung when dog is in surgery and positive pressure ventilation is used

30
Q

What happens during atrial fibrillations?

A

R-waves are not followed by pressure pulses = pulse deficit

effect : cardiac output continues but is less efficient due to lack of coordination between atrial and ventricular contractions

31
Q

What happens during ventricular fibrillations?

A

if ventricular fibrillation occurs with atrial fibrillation = blood pressure = 0

ventricular fibrillation is lethal and atrial = not lethal

cardiac massage can be applied during ventricular fibrillation
requires electric defibrillation to repolarize the entire myocardium and let the sinus node set a new rhythm.

32
Q

What happens during systole

A

Contraction of heart

33
Q

What happens during diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart

34
Q

P-wave

A

atrial depolarization

35
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

36
Q

T-wave

A

ventricular repolarization

37
Q

Heart sounds

A

S1 and S2

s1= closure of AV valves at beginning of isovolumetric contraction
s2= closure of aortic and pulmonary valves at the beginning of isovolumetric relaxation
38
Q

Mitral insufficiency

A

Left atrioventricular valve
valve does not close properly

atrial pressure increased + rate of ventricular filling + left atrial filling + diastolic ventricular vol
holosystolic murmur

39
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

increased left ventricular pressure
decreased slope of left vetricular volume
prolonged p-wave
continuous diastolic murmur

40
Q

Aortic insufficiency

A

increased ventricular pressure, left atrial pressure, ventricular volume
Aortic pressure drops first, then increases during systole.
QRS-complex, R-wave increased

41
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Increased left ventricular pressure, R-wave
Decreased aortic pressure, left ventricular volume
systolic murmur

42
Q

Combined aortic stenosis and insufficiency

A

increased left ventricular pressure, left ventricular volume, R-wave
decreased aortic pressure
diastolic + systolic murmur

43
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

Increased left ventrocular pressure, aortic pressure, left ventricular volume, R-wave
systolic and diastolic murmur

44
Q

Pulmonic stenosis

A

increased right arterial pressure, right ventricular pressure, right ventricular volume, R-wave
abnormal heart sounds

45
Q

Hypertension

A

Increased pulse pressure, left ventricular pressure during diastole

Physiology of cardiology (1 decks)

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