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Haematology > Physiology of blood cells and terminology > Flashcards

Physiology of blood cells and terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do all blood cells originate from?

A

Bone marrow -pluripotent haematopoetic stem cells

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2
Q

What are the two cell types that the haematopoetic stem cell divides into?

A

lymphoid and myeloid stem cell

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3
Q

What does the lymhoid cell divide into?

A

B cell, T cell and NK cell

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4
Q

What does the myeloid stem cell divide into?

A

erythroid, megakaryocyte, granulocyte (monocyte, basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil)

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5
Q

Describe the different stages in an erythrocyte life cycle

A

Multipotent myeloid stem cell -> proerythroblast -> early/intermediate/late proerythroblast erythroblast -> erythrocyte

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6
Q

What drives erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin which in mainly made in the kidneys in response to hypoxia

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7
Q

Where is erythropoietin made?

A
  • 90% of erythropoietin from juxtatubular interstitial cells of the kidneys
  • 10% of erythropoietin from hepatocytes and interstitial cells of the liver
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8
Q

What happens to erythrocytes once they are old/damaged?

A

destroyed by phagocytes in the spleen

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9
Q

Describe the different stages in white cell maturation

A

Multipotent myeloid stem cell -> myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> granulocytes and monocytes

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10
Q

What things are required for white cell maturation?

A

Cytokines/ILs required – i.e. G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF

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11
Q

What does a neutrophil do and what is its intravascular life span?

A
  • Defence against infection

- Neutrophil granulocyte survives 7-10 hours in circulation before migrating to tissues

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12
Q

What does a eosinophil do and what is its intravascular life span?

A
  • Defence against parasitic infection

- Little shorter than neutrophil

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13
Q

What does a basophil do?

A
  • Allergic response
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14
Q

What does a monocyte do and what is its intravascular life span?

A
  • Phagocytose bacteria, fungi and dead tissue
  • Migrate to tissues to become macrophages
  • Store and release iron
  • Spend several days in the circulation
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15
Q

What does a platelet do and what is its intravascular life span?

A
  • Have a role in primary haemostasis in contributing phospholipid to promote blood coagulation
  • Survive 10 days in circulation
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16
Q

What is the maturity process for a platelet?

A

Haematopoietic stem cell -> megakaryocyte -> platelet

17
Q

What does a lymphocyte do and what is its intravascular life span?

A
  • Lymphocytes recirculate to lymph nodes and other tissues and then back into the blood stream to be involved in immunity
  • Lifespan intravascular is very variable
18
Q

What is anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, microcytosis and macrocytosis?

A

Anisocytosis – variation in size

Poikilocytosis – variation in shape

Microcytosis – smaller than normal

Macrocytosis – larger than normal. Round, oval, polychromatic

19
Q

What are the 3 types of anaemia?

A

Microcytic – red cells that are smaller than normal or an anaemia with small red cells

Normocytic – red cells of normal size or an anaemia with normal sized red cells

Macrocytic – red cells that are larger than normal or an anaemia with large red cells

20
Q

What is hypochromia?

A
  • RBCs that have a large central pallor – less haemoglobin in the cell and thus a flatter cell
  • Normal RBCs have one-third a diameter that is pale (these ones have more)
  • Often hypochromia and microcytosis go hand-in-hand
21
Q

What is hyperchromia?

A

The cells lack central pallor – the cells are thicker than normal or have an abnormal shape

22
Q

What are the 2 important cell types in hyperchromia and how do they arise?

A

Spherocytes – these are approximately spherical in shape and so lack central pallor.
They result from the loss of cell membrane without the equivalent loss of cytoplasm so the cell is forced to round up

Irregularly contracted cells. Irregular in outline but smaller than normal cells and have lost central pallor.
A result of oxidant damage to the cell membrane and haemoglobin.

23
Q

Give an example of spherocytes in disease

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

24
Q

Give examples of poikilocytes

A
  • spherocytes
  • irregularly contracted cells
  • sickle cells
  • target cells
  • elliptocytes
  • fragments/shistocytes
25
Q

What are target cells and when do they occur?

A

Cells with an accumulation of haemoglobin in the centre of the area of central pallor

During obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies and hyposplenism

26
Q

What are epilliptocytes?

A

Elliptical in shape.

Occur in hereditary elliptocytosis and in iron deficiency

27
Q

What causes the sickle cell shape?

A

Polymerisation of haemoglobin S chains when present at a high enough concentration.

28
Q

What are fragments/shistocytes?

A

Small pieces of red cells indicating a cell has fragmented

Can be due to abnormal stress on the red cell or from if the cell is intrinsically abnormal

29
Q

What is a rouleaux and what causes them?

A

Stacks of red cells.

Result from alterations in plasma proteins.

30
Q

What is an agglutinate and what causes them?

A

Irregular clumps of red blood cells.

Result of antibodies on the surface of the cells

31
Q

What are Howell Jolly bodies and what causes it?

A

A nuclear remnant in a red cell

Commonest cause is a lack of splenic function

32
Q

What is leucocytosis, leucopenia, neutrophilia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis and eosinophilia?

A 
Leucocytosis – too many white cells
Leucopenia – too few white cells
Neutrophilia – too many neutrophils
Neutropenia – too few neutrophils
Lymphocytosis – too many lymphocytes
Eosinophilia – too many eosinophils
33
Q

When is atypical lymphocytes term used?

A

To describe the abnormal cells present in infectious mononucleosis.

34
Q

What is hypersegmented neutrophil - atypical lymphocytes?

A
  • It means there is an increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes or segments

It is usually a result of lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid

35
Q

What is a left shift - atypical lymphocytes?

A
  • Describes the increase in non-segmented neutrophils or that there are neutrophil precursors in the blood.
  • So there would be more non-segmented neutrophils in the plasma (otherwise known as “band form”)
36
Q

What is toxic granulation - atypical lymphocytes?

Causes?

A

Heavy granulation of neutrophils

A result of infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis (but also normal in pregnancy)

37
Q

How do stem cells renew themselves?

A

They can self-renew whilst also producing mature progeny - done by dividing into itself and a mature cell

Haematology (11 decks)

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