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Year 2 - MCD Haem > Physiology of Blood Cells and Haematological Terminology > Flashcards

Physiology of Blood Cells and Haematological Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do all RBCs originate?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

From what do RBCs derive from?

A

Derived from MULTIPOTENT haemopoietic stem cells

The multipotent stem cells give rise to:
o lymphoid stem cells
o myeloid stem cells - from which RBCs, granulocytes, monocytes & platelets are derived

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3
Q

Essential characteristics of stem cells?

A

SELF-RENEW whilst producing mature progeny
by dividing into:

o another stem cell
AND
o a mature cell

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4
Q

Pathway of Erythrocyte production

A
  1. Multipotent myeloid stem cell
  2. Proerythroblast
  3. Erythroblast
  4. Erythrocyte
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5
Q

Erythropoiesis?

A

Process of PRODUCING RBCs

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6
Q

What is required for erythropoiesis to occur?

A

Erythropoietin presence

This is mainly synthesised in the KIDNEY is response to HYPOXIA

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7
Q

How is Erythropoietin synthesised?

A

90% - Juxtatubular Interstitial Cells of the KIDNEY

10% - Hepatocytes & Interstitial Cells of the LIVER

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8
Q

Characteristics of RBCs?

A

o survive around 120 days

o main function is O2 transport
(but also transports CO2)

o destroyed by phagocytes in spleen

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9
Q

Along with a proerythbrolast, what else can a multipotent myeloid stem cell give rise to and what is needed for this?

A

Myeoblast & monoblast

which in turn gives rise to:
o granulocytes
o monocytes

Cytokines/ILs are required for this
i.e. G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF

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10
Q

G-CSF, GM-CSF and M-CSF?

A

CSF = colony-stimulating factor

G = granulocyte
M = macrophage
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11
Q

4 main granulocytes?

A

o Neutrophil
o Eosinophil
o Basophil
o Mast cells

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12
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils?

A

o survives 7-10 hrs in circulation BEFORE migrating to tissue (roll & migrate mechanism)

o Defence agaisnt INFECTION - phagocytoses and kills

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13
Q

Diagram of a neutrophil?

A

(look at OneNote!)

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14
Q

Characteristics of eosinophils?

A

o spends LESS time in circulation than a neutrophil

o Defence agaisnt PARASITIC INFECTION

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15
Q

Diagram of a eosinophil?

A

(look at OneNote!)

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16
Q

Characteristics of basophil?

A

o Role if ALLERGIC reactions

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17
Q

Diagram of basophil?

A

(look at OneNote!)

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18
Q

Characteristics of monocytes?

A

o spend SEVERAL DAYS in circulation - migrate to tissues where they develop into MACROPHAGES & other specialised cells that have a phagocytic function

o STORE & RELEASE IRON

o PHAGOCYTOSE bacteria, fungi & dead tissue

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19
Q

Diagram of monocyte?

A

(look at OneNote!)

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20
Q

Characteristics of platelets?

A

o Multipotent haematopoietic stem cells also give rise to megakaryocytes = platelets

o survive 10 DAYS in circulation

o Have a role in 1o haemostasis - contribute phospholipid to promote blood coagulation

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21
Q

Diagram of platelet?

A

(look at OneNote!)

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22
Q

Characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

o Lymphoid tissue (from M.H SCs) give rise to T, B & NK cells

o Recirculate to lymph nodes and other tissues - then back to bloodstream

o Lifespan intravascular is VERY VARIABLE

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23
Q

Diagram of lymphocyte?

A

(look at OneNote!)

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24
Q

Anisocytosis?

A

RBCs shows MORE VARIATION in SIZE than is normal

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25
Q

Poikilocytosis?

A

RBCs show MORE VARIATION in SHAPE than is normal

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26
Q

Images on blood film/counts to show anisocytosis & poikilocytosis?

A

(look at OneNote!)

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27
Q

Microcytosis?

A

RBCs are SMALLER than normal

28
Q

Macrocytosis?

A

RBCs are LARGER than normal

29
Q

Images on blood film/counts to show microcytosis & macrocytosis?

A

(look at OneNote!)

30
Q

What are the specific types of macrocytes?

A
  1. Round macrocyte
  2. Oval macrocyte
  3. Polychromatic macrocyte
31
Q

How do the 3 types of macrocytes look?

A

(look at OneNote!)

32
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of anaemia?

A
  1. Microcytic
  2. Normocytic
  3. Macrocytic
33
Q

Microcytic anaemia?

A

RBCs that are SMALLER than normal

i.e. anaemia w. SMALL RBCs

34
Q

Normocytic anaemia?

A

RBCs that are on normal size

i.e. anaemia w. NORMAL sized RBCs

35
Q

Macrocytic anaemia?

A

RBCs that are LARGER than normal

i.e. anaemia with LARGE RBCs

36
Q

Diagram of macrocytic anaemia?

A

(OneNote - anisocytosis image)

37
Q

Hypochromia?

A

When the RBCs have a LARGER AREA of CENTRAL PALLOR than normal!

Normal RBCs have 1/3 diameter that is pale (this gives rise of the disc shape as the centre has less Hb)

38
Q

Why are RBCs hypochromic?

A

Due to a LOWER Hb content and concentration, giving rise to a flatter cells

39
Q

What normally goes hand-in-hand with hypochromia?

A

Microcytosis!

40
Q

Hyperchromia?

A

RBCs LACK CENTRAL PALLOR

This can be either:
o as they are THICKER than normal
OR
o their shape is ABNORMAL

41
Q

Hyper vs. Hypo chromia?

A

Hyper - LACK central pallor

Hypo - LARGE central pallor

42
Q

2 important types of cells in hyperchromia?

A

o Spherocytes

o Irregularly contracted cells

43
Q

Diagram of spherocytes & irregularly contracted cells?

A

(OneNote!!)

44
Q

Spherocytes?

A

o approx. spherical in shape SO have a round, regular outline

o LACK central pallor

Due to LOSS of cell membrane WITHOUT the equivalent loss of cytoplasm SO cell FORCED to ROUND UP

45
Q

Disease resulting in spherocytes?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

46
Q

Irregularly contracted cells?

A

o Irregular in outline BUT are SMALLER than normal cells

o LOST their central pallor

Usually arise sue to oxidant damage to the cell membrane and Hb

47
Q

Polychromasia?

A

INCREASED
BLUE TINGE
to the cytoplasm of a RBC

Indicates that the RBC is YOUNG

48
Q

How can you detect young cells in a blood film?

A

Do a RETICULOCYTE STAIN

Exposes living RBCs to methylene blue which precipitates the network seen inside the cells - should only have 1-2% of these cells in population ciruclating

49
Q

Polychromasia vs. reticulocyte staining - which is preferred?

A

Identification of reticulocytes is MORE reliable

50
Q

What variety of shapes do poikilocytes come in?

A 
o Spherocytes
o Irregularly contracted cells
o Sickle cells
o Target cells
o Elliptocytes
o Fragments
51
Q

Target cells?

A

Have as accumulation of Hb in the CENTRE of the area of central pallor

Occurs in:
o obstructive jaundice
o liver disease
o haemoglobinopathies
o hyposplenism
52
Q

Elliptocytes?

A

Elliptical in shape (elongated circle, stretched into an oval)

Occurs in:
o elliptocytosis
o iron deficiency
(OneNote!!!!)

53
Q

Sickle cells?

A

Sickle/crescent shaped

Result from the polymerisation of HbS chains when it is present in [HIGH]

54
Q

Fragments?

A

Small pieces of RBCs

Indicate RBCs have been fragmented - could be due to:
o abnormal stress on RBC
OR
o if cell is intrinsically abnormal

55
Q

Another name for fragments?

A

Schistocytes

56
Q

Roleaux?

A

STACKS of RBCs (resemble pile of coins)

Result due to ALTERATIONS in plasma proteins

57
Q

Agglutinates?

A

Irregular clumps

Result from ABs on the surface of the cells

58
Q

Difference between roleaux & agglutinates?

A

Agglutinates are IRREGULAR clumps
rather than TIDY stacks
(OneNote!!!)

59
Q

Howell-Jolly Body?

A

Nuclear remnamt in a RBC

Commonest cause is LACK of splenic function

60
Q

-cytosis/philia vs. -penia?

A
  • cytosis/philia - too MANY

- penia - too FEW

61
Q

Thrombo-?

A

In regards to PLATELETS

62
Q

What are atypical lymphocytes?

A

An abnormal lymphocyte

Often used to describe abnormal cells in infectious monoculeosis

63
Q

What is meant by ‘Left shift’?

A

There is an:

o INCREASE in non-segmented neutrophils

OR

o that there are neutrophil precursors in the blood

(i.e. left to right = NORMAL but right to left is NOT [onenote!!])

64
Q

Toxic granulation?

A

HEAVY granulation of neutrophils

Results from:
o infection
o inflammation
o tissue necrosis

65
Q

In what normal condition can toxic granulation be seen?

A

Pregnancy - a feature of it

66
Q

Hypersegmeneted neutrophils?

A

INCREASE in the average no. of neutrophil lobes or segements

Usually sue to lack of Vit.B12 OR folic acid!

Year 2 - MCD Haem (11 decks)

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