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MCD - haematology > Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology > Flashcards

Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What are all blood cells originally derived from?

A

multipotent haemopoietic stem cells.

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2
Q

What do haemopoietic stem cells give rise to?

A

lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells.

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3
Q

What cells are derived from lymphoid and myeloid stem cells?

A

myeloid - megakaryocyte, granulocyte-monocyte, erythroid.

lymphoid - T, B cell, NK cell.

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4
Q

Give an essential stem cell characteristic.

A

Ability to self renew and produce mature progeny by dividing into two cells with different characteristics - a stem cell and different cell.

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5
Q

What pathway of differentiation gives rise to RBC?

A

myeloid stem cell –> proerythroblast –> erythroblasts –> RBC

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6
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

90% juxtatubular interstitial cell in kidney, 10% hepatocyte and interstitial cells in liver.

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7
Q

When is erythropoietin produced?

A

in response to hypoxia

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8
Q

Outline the function and lifespan of a RBC.

A

survives 120 days in blood.

Transport O2 and some CO2.

Destroyed by phagocytic cells of spleen.

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9
Q

What mediators are needed to allow differentiation and specialisation of haemopooietic stem cells to granulocytes and monocytes via myeloblasts and monoblasts?

A

Cytokines, e.g. G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF.
Various interleukins.

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10
Q

Outline the function and lifespan of a neutrophil.

A

survives 7-10 hours in blood before migrating to tissues.

Defence against infection - phagocytosis.

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11
Q

What are the stages of neutrophil migration to tissues from blood?

A

Adhesion and margination.

Rolling.

Diapedesis.

Migration.

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12
Q

What is the role of the eosinophil?

A

Defence against parasitic infection. Shorter lifespan in blood than neutrophil.

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13
Q

What is the role of a basophil?

A

mediation of allergic responses.

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14
Q

What is the role of the monocyte?

A

spend several days in circulation, migrate, then develop into macrophages with a phagocytic and scavenging function.
Store and release iron.

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15
Q

How long to platelets survive in circulation?

A

10 days

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16
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

primary haemostasis

contribution of phosphlipids which promote blood coagulation.

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17
Q

Outline the circulation pattern of a lymphocyte.

A

Recirculate to lymph nodes and other tissues then back to the blood stream.

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18
Q

What is the lifespan of a lymphocyte?

A

very variable.

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19
Q

Define anisocytosis and poikilocytosis.

A

Anisocytosis - red cells show more variation in size than normal

poikilocytosis - red cells show more variation in shape than normal

20
Q

What is the difference between micro and macrocytosis?

A

microcytosis - red cells smaller than normal.

Vice versa.

21
Q

What is the difference between a macrocytes and microcyte.

A

microcyte - red cell smaller than normal.

vice versa.

22
Q

Name 3 types of macrocytes.

A
  • round macrocytes
  • oval macrocytes
  • polychromatic macrocytes.
23
Q

What is hypochromia, what causes it?

A

normal red cells have 1/3 of diameter that is pale.

Due to biconcave disk shape - centre has less haemoglobin and so is paler.

(hypochromia and microcytosis often seen together)

24
Q

Define hyperchromia. What might cause it?

A

Cells lack central pallor.

Can be caused by increased thickness of abnormal shape.

25
Q

Give 2 types of hyperchromic cells.

A

spherocytes, irregularly contracted cells.

26
Q

What causes spherocytosis?

A

Normally hereditary.

27
Q

What is spherocytosis?

A

cells are spherical in shape with round, regular outline and no central pallor.

Due to loss of cell mebrane without loss of cytoplasm to cell rounds up.

28
Q

Describe and explain what causes irregular contracted cells.

A

Irregularly contracted cells - irregular in outline. Smaller than normal, lost their central pallor.

Usually result of oxidant damage to cell membrane and haemoglobin.

29
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

Describes an increased tinge to the cytoplasm of red cell - indicating the cell is young.

30
Q

Jow does reticulocyte staining work?

A

exposes living RBC to new methylene blue which precipitates as a reticulum.

31
Q

Compare polychromia and reticulocyte staining.

A

Reticulocytes are easier to identify so can be counted more easily.

32
Q

Name some poikilocyte types.

A

Spherocytes

Irregularly contracted cells

Sickle cells

Target cells

Elliptocytes

Fragments

33
Q

What are target cells? Why might they occur?

A

Cells with accumulation of haemoglobin in centre.

Occur in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies, hyposplenism.

34
Q

What are elliptocytes, when do they occur?

A

Elliptical in shape.

Occur inhereditary elliptocytosis and iron deficiency.

35
Q

What are sickle cells? What causes them to occur?

A

Sickle or crescent shaped cells.

Result from polymerisation of haemoglobin S when it is present in a high concentration.

36
Q

What are cell fragments?

A

small pieces of RBC (schistocytes).

37
Q

What is rouleaux? What causes it?

A

Stacks of RBC resembling a coin stack.

Result from PP alteration.

38
Q

What are red cell agglutinates? What causes them?

A

Irregular clumps of RBC.

Resut from antibodies binding to RBC cell surfaces.

39
Q

What is a Howell-Jolly body? What causes it?

A

A nuclear remnan in a red cell.

Normally caused by impaired splenic function.

40
Q

Define leucytosis, leucopenia, neutrophilia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia.

A

Leucocytosis — too many white cells

Leucopenia — too few white cells

Neutrophilia — too many neutrophils

Neutropenia — too few neutrophils

Lymphocytosis — too many lymphocytes

Eosinophilia — too many eosinophils

41
Q

What is an atypical lymphocyte? When do they occur?

A

An abnormal lymphocyte. Present in infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever).

42
Q

Define left shift.

A

Increase in non-segmented neutrophils or there are neutrophil precursors in blood.

43
Q

What is toxic granulation? What causes it?

A

Heavy granulation of neutrophils. Results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis.

44
Q

What is neutrophil hypersegmentation? What causes it?

A

Increase in number of neutrophil lobes. Cased by lack of Vitamin B12 or folic acid.

45
Q
A

MCD - haematology (6 decks)

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