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Y2 MCD Haematology > Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology > Flashcards

Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do blood cells originate from?

A

Multipotent haemopoietic stem cells => give rise to lymphoid/myeloid stem cells => RBC, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets

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2
Q

Describe the stem cell hierarchy

A
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3
Q

Essential characteristics of stem cells

A

> Ability to self-renew and produce mature progeny

(Divide into 2 cells, a stem cell and one capable of differentiating to mature progeny)

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4
Q

What does a myeloid stem cell give rise to?

A

Proerythroblast which gives rise to erythroblasts and then erythrocytes/RBC

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5
Q

What stage is this cell in regards to normal erythroid maturation?

A

Proerythroblast

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6
Q

What stage is this cell in regards to normal erythroid maturation?

A

Early Erythroblast

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7
Q

What stage is this cell in regards to normal erythroid maturation?

A

Intermediate erythroblast

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8
Q

What stage is this cell in regards to normal erythroid maturation?

A

Late erythroblast

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9
Q

A requirement for erythropoiesis?

A

Presence of erythropoietin

(synthesis of erythropoietin is mainly conducted in the kidneys in response to hypoxia)

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10
Q

Outline the synthesis of erythropoietin

A

90% from Juxtatubular interstitial cells in the KIDNEY

10% from hepatocyte and interstitial cells in the LIVER

Both diffuse into the capillaries

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11
Q

Function, survival and destruction of RBCs

A

Red blood cells survive about 120 days in the blood system

Involved in O2 and CO2 transport

Destroyed by phagocytic cells in the spleen

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12
Q

What do myeloblast cells give rise to? and what is needed?

A

Granulocytes and monocytes

(Cytokines, G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF and GM-CSF and other interleukins)

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13
Q

What are the stages of normal granulocyte maturation?

A

Myeloblast => Promyelocyte => Myelocyte => Band form => Neutrophil

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14
Q

Function and survival of neutrophil granulocytes

A

Defence against infection through phagocytosis of micro-organisms

Survives for 7-10hrs in circulation before moving into tissues

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15
Q

Outline the movement of neutrophils into tissue

A
  1. Adhesion and margination
  2. Rolling
  3. Diapedesis (move through capillaries, normally accompanied with inflammation)
  4. Migration
  5. Phagocytosis
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16
Q

Function and development of the eosinophil granulocytes

A

Defence against parasitic infection

Develops from myeloblast stem cells

(stays in circulation for less time than neutrophils)

17
Q

Function and development of the basophil granulocytes

A

Involved in allergic responses

Develops from myeloblast stem cells

18
Q

Function and development of the monocyte

A

Arises from the myeloid stem cell through monocyte precursors

Develop into macrophages in tissue and other specialised cells with scavenging and phagocytic properties

Store Iron and remain in circulation for days

19
Q

Survival, function and development of platelets

A

Survive 10 days in circulation

Involved in primary haemostasis, contribute phospholipids which promotes blood coagulation

Haemopoietic stem cells => megakaryocytes => platelets

20
Q

Lymphocytes and their circulation

A

T/B/NK cells derive from lymphoid stem cells

The recirculate to lymph node/tissues before entering the bloodstream

21
Q

Anisocytosis

A

RBC show abnormal variations in size

22
Q

Poikilocytosis and types (6)

A

RBC show abnormal variations in shape

Spherocytes, Irregularly contracted cells, Sickle cell, Target cells, Elliptoctyes, Fragments

23
Q

Microcytosis

A

RBC are smaller than normal

24
Q

Macrocytosis and types

A

RBC are large than normal

can be round, oval or polychromatic

25
Q

Hypochromia

A

Normal RBC with a 1/3 of the diameter and is pale

A larger area of central pallor

Often seen with microcytosis

A result of low haemoglobin levels in the centre of the disk

26
Q

Hyperchromia and types

A

RBC lack central pallor due to their abnormal shape or being thicker than normal

Spherocytes and Irregularly contracted cells

27
Q

Hyperchromia - Spherocyte

A

Spherical in shape = round, regular outline and lack central pallor

Loss of cell membrane whilst cytoplasm remains to cause the cells to round up

28
Q

Hyperchromia - Irregularly contracted cells

A

Smaller than normal cells and lost their cental pallor

A result from oxidant damage to the cell membrane and haemoglobin

29
Q

Polychromasia

A

Increased blue tinge within the cytoplasm of an RBC

This indicates that the RBC is young

30
Q

What test is used to detect young cells?

A

Reticulocyte stain

Exposes living RBC to new methylene blue = precipitate as a network/reticulum

Y2 MCD Haematology (6 decks)

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