Physiology of Blood Cells and Haematological Terminology Flashcards

1
Q
  • Blood cells of all types originate in
A

bone marrow

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2
Q

all blood cells are ultimately derived from ….

A

multipotent haemopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

2 families of blood cells?

A

Lymphoid and Myeloid

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4
Q

What derives from myeloid stem cell precursors (4)

A

red cells, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets are derived

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5
Q

What derives from lymphoid stem cell precursors

A

B, T, and NK cells

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6
Q

what is essential for a stem cell to be able to do

A

Ability to self-renew and produce mature progeny

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7
Q

how is a stem cells Ability to self-renew and produce mature progeny achieved

A

through its ability to divide into 2 cells with different characteristics -> 1 stem cell, and 1 cell capable of differentiating into mature progeny

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8
Q
  • Myeloid stem cell gives rise to ….
A

proerythroblasts

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9
Q

proerythroblasts give rise to…..

A

erythroblasts

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10
Q

erythroblasts give rise to…..

A

erythrocytes

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11
Q

difference between erythroblasts and erythrocytes?

A

erythroblasts (with nuclei)

erythrocytes (without nuclei)

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12
Q

what hormone stimulates Normal erythropoiesis

A

erythropoietin

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13
Q

where is erythropoietin synthesised from (2) and in response to what

A
  • Erythropoietin is produced by the kidney (mainly) and liver (minorly), in response to hypoxia (or anaemia)
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14
Q

What renal cell produces Erythropoietin

A

juxtatubular interstitial cell

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15
Q

Life span of erythrocytes?

A

120 days

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16
Q

where are erythrocytes destroyed and by what

A

phagocytic cells (e.g. macrophages) particularly of the spleen, but also any tissue in the body

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17
Q

myeloblasts can give rise to …

A

granulocytes and monocytes

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18
Q

what’re granulocytes (3)

A

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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19
Q

What cytokines are needed for granulocyte/monocyte synthesis

A

G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF

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20
Q

Life span of neutrophils? what they do after this

A
  • Survive 7-10 hours in blood before migrating to tissues
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21
Q

Main function of neutrophils

A

defence against infection; phagocytoses and then kills micro-organisms

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22
Q

what is the process of neutrophil migration into tissues called

A

diapedesis

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23
Q

what is diapedesis

A

the process of neutrophil migration into tissues

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24
Q

what controls and guides neutrophil migration

A

chemokine signals

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25
Q

Main function of eosinophils

A

defence against parasitic infection

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26
Q

Main function of basophils

A

role in allergic response

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27
Q

Main function of monocytes

A
  • Spend several days in circulation but don’t really have that huge a role in the circulation
  • Migrate into tissues where they develop into macrophages and other specialised cells (e.g. Kupffer cells) that have a phagocytic and scavenging function
  • Macrophages also store and release iron when phagocytosing red blood cells
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28
Q

Anisocytosis means…

A

Red cells show more variation in size than is normal

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29
Q

Red cells showing more variation in size than is normal is known as …

A

Anisocytosis

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30
Q

POIKILOCYTOSIS means…

A

Red cells show more variation in shape than is normal

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31
Q

Red cells showing more variation in shape than is normal is known as …

A

POIKILOCYTOSIS

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32
Q

Examples of poikilocytes? (6)

A
spherocytes
irregularly contracted cells
sickle cells
target cells
elliptocytes
 fragments
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33
Q

MICROCYTOSIS means …

A

Red cells are smaller than normal

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34
Q

Red cells being smaller than normal is known as….

A

MICROCYTOSIS

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35
Q

MACROCYTOSIS means

A

Red cells are larger than normal

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36
Q

Red cells are larger than normal is known as….

A

Macrocytosis

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37
Q

Different types of macrocytes? (3)

A

round macrocytes, oval macrocytes or polychromatic macrocytes

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38
Q

HYPOCHROMIA means …

A

Describes red cells with a larger than normal central pallor (central pallor is usually one third of the diameter of the cell, due to the disk shape of the red cell; the centre has less haemoglobin content and concentration and is a flatter cell)

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39
Q

What word is used to describe red cells with a larger than normal central pallor

A

HYPOCHROMIA

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40
Q

2 examples of hyperchromic cells?

A

spherocytes and irregularly contracted cells

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41
Q

What is a spherocyte?

A

A hyperchromic cell that is approximately spherical in shape, resulting from loss of cell membrane without the loss of equivalent cytoplasm, such that the cell is forced to round up Can be caused by hereditary spherocytosis (defect in ability of cytoskeleton to bind the lipid bilayer membrane Bits of membrane break off)

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42
Q

A hyperchromic cell that is approximately spherical in shape, resulting from loss of cell membrane without the loss of equivalent cytoplasm, such that the cell is forced to round up …. ?

A

a spherocyte

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43
Q

What is an irregularly contracted cell?

A

A hyperchromatic cell that is irregular in outline, smaller than a normal cell and has lost central pallor They usually result from oxidant damage to the membrane and to the haemoglobin – the oxidant can be from ingestion, or by the body producing its own oxidants to fight pathogen

44
Q

What is the mechanism behind spherocytosis?

A

sulting from loss of cell membrane without the loss of equivalent cytoplasm, such that the cell is forced to round up

45
Q

Cause of spherocytosis?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis (defect in ability of cytoskeleton to bind the lipid bilayer membrane Bits of membrane break off)

46
Q

A hyperchromatic cell that is irregular in outline, smaller than a normal cell and has lost central pallor They usually result from oxidant damage to the membrane and to the haemoglobin – the oxidant can be from ingestion, or by the body producing its own oxidants to fight pathogen …. ?

A

irregularly contracted cell

47
Q

How do irregularly contracted cells usually form

A

result from oxidant damage to the membrane and to the haemoglobin

48
Q

POLYCHROMASIA … ?

A

Described an increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a red cell Indicates that a red cell is young (reticulocytes)

49
Q

What does POLYCHROMASIA indicate?

A

Indicates that a red cell is young (reticulocytes)

50
Q

Term that describes an increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a red cell -> Indicates that a red cell is young (reticulocytes)

A

polychromasia

51
Q

TARGET CELL …. ?

A

A cell that has an accumulation of haemoglobin in the centre of the area of central pallor They occur in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies and hyposplenism

52
Q

When do target cells occur? (4)

A

in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies and hyposplenism

53
Q

A cell that has an accumulation of haemoglobin in the centre of the area of central pallor They occur in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies and hyposplenism …. ?

A

Target cell

54
Q

ELLIPTOCYTE ?

A

A cell that is elliptical in shape
Occur in hereditary elliptocytosis (in which the haemoglobin content is normal so central pallor is roughly the same size) and in iron deficiency

55
Q

A cell that is elliptical in shape

A

ELLIPTOCYTE

56
Q

When do elliptocytes occur

A

Occur in hereditary elliptocytosis (in which the haemoglobin content is normal so central pallor is roughly the same size) and in iron deficiency

57
Q

SICKLE CELL …?

A

A cell that is sickle or crescent shaped They result from the polymerisation of haemoglobin S when it is present at high concentration

58
Q

Cause of sickle cell molecularly?

A

result from the polymerisation of haemoglobin S when it is present at high concentration

59
Q

FRAGMENT is aka?

A

schistocyte

60
Q

fragment … ?

A

Otherwise known as a SCHISTOCYTE, these are small pieces of red cells They indicate that a red cell has fragmented

61
Q

Otherwise known as a SCHISTOCYTE, these are small pieces of red cells They indicate that a red cell has X …

A

Fragmented .. fragment cells

62
Q

ROULEAUX…..?

A

Stacks of red cells that resemble a pile of coins These result from alterations in plasma proteins

63
Q

Stacks of red cells that resemble a pile of coins These result from alterations in plasma proteins …. ?

A

Rouleaux

64
Q

AGGLUTINATES …. ?

A

 Irregular clumps of red cells Usually result from antibody on the surface of cells (usually a cold antibody of IgM variety)

65
Q

 Irregular clumps of red cells Usually result from antibody on the surface of cells (usually a cold antibody of IgM variety)

A

AGGLUTINATES

66
Q

What causes agglutinates (think)

A

 Irregular clumps of red cells Usually result from antibody on the surface of cells (usually a cold antibody of IgM variety)

67
Q

HOWELL-JOLLY BODY …. ?

A

A nuclear remnant in a red cell Commonest cause is lack of splenic function

68
Q

A nuclear remnant in a red cell Commonest cause is lack of splenic function

A

HOWELL-JOLLY BODY

69
Q

Commonest cause of a Howell-jolly body?

A

Commonest cause is lack of splenic function

70
Q

Leucocytosis?

A

Too many white cells

71
Q

Too many white cells

A

LEUCOCYTOSIS

72
Q

LEUCOPENIA

A

Too few white cells

73
Q

Too few white cells

A

LEUCOPENIA

74
Q

NEUTROPHILIA

A

Too many neutrophils

75
Q

Too many neutrophils

A

NEUTROPHILIA

76
Q

NEUTROPENIA

A

Too few neutrophils

77
Q

Too few neutrophils

A

NEUTROPENIA

78
Q

LYMPHOCYTOSIS

A

Too many lymphocytes

79
Q

Too many lymphocytes

A

LYMPHOCYTOSIS

80
Q

EOSINOPHILIA

A

Too many eosinophils

81
Q

Too many eosinophils

A

EOSINOPHILIA

82
Q

THROMBOCYTOSIS

A

Too many platelets

83
Q

Too many platelets

A

THROMBOCYTOSIS

84
Q

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

A

Too few platelets

85
Q

Too few platelets

A

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

86
Q

ERYTHROCYTOSIS

A

Too many red cells (reverse is just anaemia)

87
Q

Too many red cells (reverse is just anaemia)

A

ERYTHROCYTOSIS

88
Q

RETICULOCYTOSIS

A

Increased reticulocyte count

89
Q

Increased reticulocyte count

A

RETICULOCYTOSIS

90
Q

LYMPHOPENIA

A

Reduced numbers of lymphocytes

91
Q

Reduced numbers of lymphocytes

A

LYMPHOPENIA

92
Q

PANCYTOPENIA

A

All lineages reduced

93
Q

All lineages reduced

A

PANCYTOPENIA

94
Q

ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTE

A

Also termed an ATYPICAL MONONUCLEAR CELL, this is an abnormal lymphocyte Often used to describe the cells present in infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

95
Q

Also termed an ATYPICAL MONONUCLEAR CELL, this is an abnormal lymphocyte Often used to describe the cells present in infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

A

ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTE

96
Q

LEFT SHIFT

A

An increase in non-segmented neutrophils or presence of neutrophil precursors in the blood Suggests infection or inflammation

97
Q

An increase in non-segmented neutrophils or presence of neutrophil precursors in the blood Suggests infection or inflammation

A

LEFT SHIFT

98
Q

TOXIC GRANULATION

A

Heavy granulation of neutrophils Results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis (also a normal feature of PREGNANCY)

99
Q

Heavy granulation of neutrophils Results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis (also a normal feature of PREGNANCY)

A

TOXIC GRANULATION

100
Q

HYPERSEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL

A

Increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes or segments (normal is 3-4) Usually due to lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid

101
Q

Increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes or segments (normal is 3-4) Usually due to lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid

A

HYPERSEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL

102
Q

ATYPICAL MONONUCLEAR CELL

A

an abnormal lymphocyte

103
Q

an abnormal lymphocyte

A

ATYPICAL MONONUCLEAR CELL

104
Q

What is left shift suggestive of

A

Infection or inflammation

105
Q

What causes hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Vit B12 or folic acid deficiency