Physiology of Blood Cells and Haematological Terminology Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
- Blood cells of all types originate in
A
bone marrow
2
Q
all blood cells are ultimately derived from ….
A
multipotent haemopoietic stem cells
3
Q
2 families of blood cells?
A
Lymphoid and Myeloid
4
Q
What derives from myeloid stem cell precursors (4)
A
red cells, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets are derived
5
Q
What derives from lymphoid stem cell precursors
A
B, T, and NK cells
6
Q
what is essential for a stem cell to be able to do
A
Ability to self-renew and produce mature progeny
7
Q
how is a stem cells Ability to self-renew and produce mature progeny achieved
A
through its ability to divide into 2 cells with different characteristics -> 1 stem cell, and 1 cell capable of differentiating into mature progeny
8
Q
- Myeloid stem cell gives rise to ….
A
proerythroblasts
9
Q
proerythroblasts give rise to…..
A
erythroblasts
10
Q
erythroblasts give rise to…..
A
erythrocytes
11
Q
difference between erythroblasts and erythrocytes?
A
erythroblasts (with nuclei)
erythrocytes (without nuclei)
12
Q
what hormone stimulates Normal erythropoiesis
A
erythropoietin
13
Q
where is erythropoietin synthesised from (2) and in response to what
A
- Erythropoietin is produced by the kidney (mainly) and liver (minorly), in response to hypoxia (or anaemia)
14
Q
What renal cell produces Erythropoietin
A
juxtatubular interstitial cell
15
Q
Life span of erythrocytes?
A
120 days
16
Q
where are erythrocytes destroyed and by what
A
phagocytic cells (e.g. macrophages) particularly of the spleen, but also any tissue in the body
17
Q
myeloblasts can give rise to …
A
granulocytes and monocytes
18
Q
what’re granulocytes (3)
A
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
19
Q
What cytokines are needed for granulocyte/monocyte synthesis
A
G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF
20
Q
Life span of neutrophils? what they do after this
A
- Survive 7-10 hours in blood before migrating to tissues
21
Q
Main function of neutrophils
A
defence against infection; phagocytoses and then kills micro-organisms
22
Q
what is the process of neutrophil migration into tissues called
A
diapedesis
23
Q
what is diapedesis
A
the process of neutrophil migration into tissues
24
Q
what controls and guides neutrophil migration
A
chemokine signals
25
Main function of eosinophils
defence against parasitic infection
26
Main function of basophils
role in allergic response
27
Main function of monocytes
- Spend several days in circulation but don’t really have that huge a role in the circulation
- Migrate into tissues where they develop into macrophages and other specialised cells (e.g. Kupffer cells) that have a phagocytic and scavenging function
- Macrophages also store and release iron when phagocytosing red blood cells
28
Anisocytosis means...
Red cells show more variation in size than is normal
29
Red cells showing more variation in size than is normal is known as ...
Anisocytosis
30
POIKILOCYTOSIS means...
Red cells show more variation in shape than is normal
31
Red cells showing more variation in shape than is normal is known as ...
POIKILOCYTOSIS
32
Examples of poikilocytes? (6)
```
spherocytes
irregularly contracted cells
sickle cells
target cells
elliptocytes
fragments
```
33
MICROCYTOSIS means ...
Red cells are smaller than normal
34
Red cells being smaller than normal is known as....
MICROCYTOSIS
35
MACROCYTOSIS means
Red cells are larger than normal
36
Red cells are larger than normal is known as....
Macrocytosis
37
Different types of macrocytes? (3)
round macrocytes, oval macrocytes or polychromatic macrocytes
38
HYPOCHROMIA means ...
Describes red cells with a larger than normal central pallor (central pallor is usually one third of the diameter of the cell, due to the disk shape of the red cell; the centre has less haemoglobin content and concentration and is a flatter cell)
39
What word is used to describe red cells with a larger than normal central pallor
HYPOCHROMIA
40
2 examples of hyperchromic cells?
spherocytes and irregularly contracted cells
41
What is a spherocyte?
A hyperchromic cell that is approximately spherical in shape, resulting from loss of cell membrane without the loss of equivalent cytoplasm, such that the cell is forced to round up Can be caused by hereditary spherocytosis (defect in ability of cytoskeleton to bind the lipid bilayer membrane Bits of membrane break off)
42
A hyperchromic cell that is approximately spherical in shape, resulting from loss of cell membrane without the loss of equivalent cytoplasm, such that the cell is forced to round up .... ?
a spherocyte
43
What is an irregularly contracted cell?
A hyperchromatic cell that is irregular in outline, smaller than a normal cell and has lost central pallor They usually result from oxidant damage to the membrane and to the haemoglobin – the oxidant can be from ingestion, or by the body producing its own oxidants to fight pathogen
44
What is the mechanism behind spherocytosis?
sulting from loss of cell membrane without the loss of equivalent cytoplasm, such that the cell is forced to round up
45
Cause of spherocytosis?
Hereditary spherocytosis (defect in ability of cytoskeleton to bind the lipid bilayer membrane Bits of membrane break off)
46
A hyperchromatic cell that is irregular in outline, smaller than a normal cell and has lost central pallor They usually result from oxidant damage to the membrane and to the haemoglobin – the oxidant can be from ingestion, or by the body producing its own oxidants to fight pathogen .... ?
irregularly contracted cell
47
How do irregularly contracted cells usually form
result from oxidant damage to the membrane and to the haemoglobin
48
POLYCHROMASIA ... ?
Described an increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a red cell Indicates that a red cell is young (reticulocytes)
49
What does POLYCHROMASIA indicate?
Indicates that a red cell is young (reticulocytes)
50
Term that describes an increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a red cell -> Indicates that a red cell is young (reticulocytes)
polychromasia
51
TARGET CELL .... ?
A cell that has an accumulation of haemoglobin in the centre of the area of central pallor They occur in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies and hyposplenism
52
When do target cells occur? (4)
in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies and hyposplenism
53
A cell that has an accumulation of haemoglobin in the centre of the area of central pallor They occur in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies and hyposplenism .... ?
Target cell
54
ELLIPTOCYTE ?
A cell that is elliptical in shape
Occur in hereditary elliptocytosis (in which the haemoglobin content is normal so central pallor is roughly the same size) and in iron deficiency
55
A cell that is elliptical in shape
ELLIPTOCYTE
56
When do elliptocytes occur
Occur in hereditary elliptocytosis (in which the haemoglobin content is normal so central pallor is roughly the same size) and in iron deficiency
57
SICKLE CELL ...?
A cell that is sickle or crescent shaped They result from the polymerisation of haemoglobin S when it is present at high concentration
58
Cause of sickle cell molecularly?
result from the polymerisation of haemoglobin S when it is present at high concentration
59
FRAGMENT is aka?
schistocyte
60
fragment ... ?
Otherwise known as a SCHISTOCYTE, these are small pieces of red cells They indicate that a red cell has fragmented
61
Otherwise known as a SCHISTOCYTE, these are small pieces of red cells They indicate that a red cell has X ...
Fragmented .. fragment cells
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ROULEAUX.....?
Stacks of red cells that resemble a pile of coins These result from alterations in plasma proteins
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Stacks of red cells that resemble a pile of coins These result from alterations in plasma proteins .... ?
Rouleaux
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AGGLUTINATES .... ?
Irregular clumps of red cells Usually result from antibody on the surface of cells (usually a cold antibody of IgM variety)
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Irregular clumps of red cells Usually result from antibody on the surface of cells (usually a cold antibody of IgM variety)
AGGLUTINATES
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What causes agglutinates (think)
Irregular clumps of red cells Usually result from antibody on the surface of cells (usually a cold antibody of IgM variety)
67
HOWELL-JOLLY BODY .... ?
A nuclear remnant in a red cell Commonest cause is lack of splenic function
68
A nuclear remnant in a red cell Commonest cause is lack of splenic function
HOWELL-JOLLY BODY
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Commonest cause of a Howell-jolly body?
Commonest cause is lack of splenic function
70
Leucocytosis?
Too many white cells
71
Too many white cells
LEUCOCYTOSIS
72
LEUCOPENIA
Too few white cells
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Too few white cells
LEUCOPENIA
74
NEUTROPHILIA
Too many neutrophils
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Too many neutrophils
NEUTROPHILIA
76
NEUTROPENIA
Too few neutrophils
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Too few neutrophils
NEUTROPENIA
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LYMPHOCYTOSIS
Too many lymphocytes
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Too many lymphocytes
LYMPHOCYTOSIS
80
EOSINOPHILIA
Too many eosinophils
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Too many eosinophils
EOSINOPHILIA
82
THROMBOCYTOSIS
Too many platelets
83
Too many platelets
THROMBOCYTOSIS
84
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Too few platelets
85
Too few platelets
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
86
ERYTHROCYTOSIS
Too many red cells (reverse is just anaemia)
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Too many red cells (reverse is just anaemia)
ERYTHROCYTOSIS
88
RETICULOCYTOSIS
Increased reticulocyte count
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Increased reticulocyte count
RETICULOCYTOSIS
90
LYMPHOPENIA
Reduced numbers of lymphocytes
91
Reduced numbers of lymphocytes
LYMPHOPENIA
92
PANCYTOPENIA
All lineages reduced
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All lineages reduced
PANCYTOPENIA
94
ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTE
Also termed an ATYPICAL MONONUCLEAR CELL, this is an abnormal lymphocyte Often used to describe the cells present in infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
95
Also termed an ATYPICAL MONONUCLEAR CELL, this is an abnormal lymphocyte Often used to describe the cells present in infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTE
96
LEFT SHIFT
An increase in non-segmented neutrophils or presence of neutrophil precursors in the blood Suggests infection or inflammation
97
An increase in non-segmented neutrophils or presence of neutrophil precursors in the blood Suggests infection or inflammation
LEFT SHIFT
98
TOXIC GRANULATION
Heavy granulation of neutrophils Results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis (also a normal feature of PREGNANCY)
99
Heavy granulation of neutrophils Results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis (also a normal feature of PREGNANCY)
TOXIC GRANULATION
100
HYPERSEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL
Increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes or segments (normal is 3-4) Usually due to lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid
101
Increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes or segments (normal is 3-4) Usually due to lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid
HYPERSEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL
102
ATYPICAL MONONUCLEAR CELL
an abnormal lymphocyte
103
an abnormal lymphocyte
ATYPICAL MONONUCLEAR CELL
104
What is left shift suggestive of
Infection or inflammation
105
What causes hypersegmented neutrophils
Vit B12 or folic acid deficiency
