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MCD - Haematology > Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology > Flashcards

Physiology of blood cells and haematological terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do blood cells of all types originate?

A

In the bone marrow

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2
Q

What are all blood cells ultimately derived from?

A

Pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

What do pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells give rise to?

A

Lymphoid stem cells

Multipotent myeloid stem cells/precursors

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4
Q

What do erythrocytes originate from?

A

Multipotent haematopoietic stem cell –> multipotent myeloid stem cell/precursor –> proerythroblast –> erythroblast –> erythrocyte

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5
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

A

Oxygen transport

Some carbon dioxide transport

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6
Q

What is the approximate intravascular life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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7
Q

What do white cells originate from?

A

Multipotent haemopoietic stem cell –> multipotent myeloid stem cell/precursor –> myeloblast –> granulocytes, monocytes

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8
Q

What do monocytes and granulocytes need for further differentiation?

A 
Cytokines:
G-CSF - granulocyte colony stimulating factor
M-CSF - macrophage
GM-CSF
Various interleukins
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9
Q

What is the approximate intravascular life span of a neutrophil?

A

7-10 hours

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10
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Defence against infection

Phagocytoses and kills MOs

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11
Q

What is the approximate intravascular life span of a eosinophil?

A

Less than 7 hours (less than a neutrophil)

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12
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Defence against parasitic infection

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13
Q

What is the approximate intravascular life span of a monocyte?

A

Several days

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14
Q

What are the functions of monocytes?

A

Migrate into tissues and develop into macrophages and other specialised cell types w/phagocytic function
Store and release iron

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15
Q

What is the approximate intravascular life span of a platelet?

A

10 days

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16
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

Primary haemostasis

Contribute phospholipid in blood coagulation

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17
Q

What do platelets originate from?

A

Multipotent haemopoietic stem cell –> multipotent myeloid stem cell/precursor –> megakaryocytes –> platelets

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18
Q

What do lymphocytes originate from?

A

Multipotent haemopoietic stem cell –> lymphoid stem cell –> T, B, NK cells

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19
Q

What is the approximate intravascular life span of a lymphocyte?

A

Very variable

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20
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Red cells show more variation in size than is normal

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21
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

Red cells show more variation in shape than is normal

22
Q

What is microcytosis?

A

Smaller red cells than normal or an anaemia with small red cells

23
Q

What is macrocytosis?

A

Larger red cells than normal or an anaemia with large red cells

24
Q

What is hypochromia? What causes it?

A

Cells have a larger area of central pallor than normal (normally 1/3 of diameter)

Lower haemoglobin content and concentration + flatter cell

25
Q

What is hyperchromia? What causes it?

A

Cells lack central pallor

Bc thicker than normal or shape is abnormal

26
Q

What are 2 important types of hyperchromic cells? What causes them?

A

Spherocytes - loss of CM w/o loss of equivalent amount of cytoplasm - hereditary spherocytosis

Irregularly contracted cells - oxidant damage to CM and Hb

27
Q

What is polychromasia? What causes it?

A

Increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a red cell
As red cells mature, they go from dark blue –> pink
Indicates that red cells are young (reticulocytes) - not fully matured

28
Q

What shapes can red cells be?

A 
Spherocyte
Irregularly contracted cell
Sickle cell
Target cell
Elliptocyte
Fragment
29
Q

What are the differences between Rouleaux and agglutinates?

A

Rouleaux = neat stacks of red cells due to increased levels of plasma proteins

Agglutinates = irregular clumps of red cells due to antibodies on cell surface

30
Q

What is Howell-Jolly body? What is the most common cause?

A

Nuclear remnant in a red cell
Lack of splenic function
Spleen should remove these tiny remaining bits of nuclear material

31
Q

What is a target cell? When do they occur?

A

Red cell with accumulation of haemoglobin in middle of central pallor
Obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies, hyposplenism

32
Q

What is an elliptocyte? When do they occur?

A

Elliptical and hypochromic red cell

Hereditary elliptocytosis and iron deficiency

33
Q

What are fragments? What do they indicate?

A

AKA schistocytes
Small pieces of red cells - tend to have red cell colour and central pallor, just shape is different
Indicate fragmented red cells

34
Q

What is leucocytosis?

A

Too many white cells

35
Q

What is leucopenia?

A

Too few white cells

36
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

Too many neutrophils (may be normal in infection)

37
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Too few neutrophils

38
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Too many lymphocytes

39
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

Too many eosinophils

40
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

Too many platelets

41
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Too few platelets

42
Q

What is erythrocytosis?

A

Lots of red blood cells

43
Q

What is reticulocytosis?

A

Lots of reticulocytes

44
Q

What is lymphopenia?

A

Reduced number of lymphocytes

45
Q

What do lymphocytes typically look like?

A

Small and round
Large nucleus
Little cytoplasm

46
Q

What does an atypical lymphocyte typically look like?

A

Large and very visible nucleus
Loads of really faint cytoplasm

Note: typical of viral infection

47
Q

What is left shift? What does it suggest?

A

Increase in non-segmented neutrophils or presence of neutrophil precursors in the blood
Band form neutrophils present in blood film
Suggests infection or inflammation - BM releasing lymphocytes earlier than normal

48
Q

What is toxic granulation?

A

Heavy granulation of neutrophils due to infection, inflammation or tissue necrosis (or normal pregnancy)

49
Q

What is a hypersegmented neutrophil?

A

A neutrophil with an increased number of nucleus lobes or segments

50
Q

What are sickle cells? What is the cause?

A

Sickle/crescent shaped red cells due to polymerisation of HbS when present in high concentration

MCD - Haematology (11 decks)

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