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MCD Haematology > Physiology of blood cells > Flashcards

Physiology of blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

what do pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells give rise to?

A

myeloid stem cells

lymphoid stem cells

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2
Q

what are the key features of stem cells?

A

self renewal

mature progeny production

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3
Q

what do myeloid stem cells become?

A

granulocytes
monocytes
erythroid
megakaryocyte

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4
Q

what do lymphoid stem cells become?

A

T cell
B cell
Natural killer cell

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5
Q

what are the stages of transformation of multipoint myeloid stem cell to erythrocyte?

A

myeloid stem cell
proerythroblast
erythroblast
erythrocyte

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6
Q

where is erythropoietin produced, and in response to what?

A

mainly in the kidneys (90%)
in hepatocytes and interstitial cells of liver (10%)
in response to hypoxia

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7
Q

life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days

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8
Q

where does removal of erythrocytes occur?

A

in the spleen

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9
Q

Through which cell does transformation of multipoint myeloid stem cell to granulocytes and monocytes take place?

A

via myeloblast

requires cytokines and interleukins

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10
Q

life span of neutrophil

A

7-10 hours in circulation before migrating into tissues

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11
Q

function of neutrophils

A

against infection

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12
Q

lifespan and function of eosinophils

A

less time spent in circulation than neutrophils

defence against parasitic infection

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13
Q

function of basophils

A

in allergic response

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14
Q

life span of monocyte

A

several days in circulation

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15
Q

function of monocytes

A

become macrophages in tissues
phagocytose
store and release iron

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16
Q

transformation of multipoint haemp. stem cell to platelet

A

via megakaryocyte

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17
Q

life span of platelet in circulation

A

10 days

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18
Q

function of platelet

A

primary haemostasis by

contributing to phospholipid in blood coagulation

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19
Q

circulation of lymphocytes

A

recirculate into lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues and back into the blood stream

lifespan intervascularly varies a lot

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20
Q

what is the variation in size of cells

A

anisocytosis

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21
Q

what is the variation in shape of cells

A

poikilocytosis

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22
Q

what has happened if cells are smaller than normal?

A

microcytosis

23
Q

what has happened if cells are larger than normal?

A

macrocytosis

24
Q

shapes of macrocytes

A

round
oval
polychromatic

25
Q

what are the 3 categories of anaemia?

A

microcytic- smaller than normal red cells/anaemia with small RBC

normocytic- red cells normal/anaemia with normal RBC

macrocytic- larger than normal red cells/anaemia with large RBC

26
Q

what causes the large central pallor in RBCs

A

this region has less Hb and therefore the cell is flatter

27
Q

what area of the RBC has pallor

A

third of the diameter

28
Q

what is hypochromia?

- pallor

A

increased central pallor

goes hand-in-hand with microcytosis

29
Q

what are cells like in hyperchromia?

A

cells are thicker than normal
abnormal shape
lack central pallor

30
Q

what are the two types of cells in hyperchromia?

A

1) spherocytes

2) irregular contracted cells

31
Q

what causes spherocytes to be formed in hyperchromia?

A

loss of cell membrane without the equivalent loss of cytoplasm forcing the cell to round up

32
Q

2 disease with characteristic spherocytes?

A

hereditary spherocytosis

autoimmune haemloytic anaemia

33
Q

describe irregularly contracted cells

A

irregular outline
smaller than normal
lack of central pallor

34
Q

what causes irregularly contracted cells to be formed in hyperchromia?

A

oxidant damage to cell membrane and Hb

seen in hyposplenism and haemolysis

35
Q

what does polychromasia describe?

A

increased blue tinge to cytoplasm of RBC

36
Q

what does a blue tinge of the cytoplasm of RBC indicate

A

the RBC is young and often larger in polychromasia

37
Q

how can you detect young cells in a stain?

A

blue tinge
reticulocytes stain- using new methylene blue to do a reticulocyte count

the stain in more reliable in diagnosing polychromasia than using the blue tinge

38
Q

what would you expect the reticulocyte count to be in a normal person?

A

1-2% of circulation cells should be young reticulocytes

39
Q

what are the poikilocytes

A 
spherocytes
irregularly contracted cells
sickle cells
target cells
elliptocytes 
fragments
40
Q

what causes the formation of target cells?

A

accumulation of Hb in the centre of the central pallor area

41
Q

in which diseases do target cells occur

A

obstructive jaundice
liver disease
haemoglobinopathies
hyposplenism (lack of spleen function, due to removal)

42
Q

which diseases do elliptocytes occur?

A

hereditary elliptocytosis

iron deficiency

43
Q

what causes sickle cells to form?

A

polymerisation of Hb S chains when present at a high enough concentration

44
Q

what does the presence of fragments indicate?

A

that a RBC has fragmented due to abnormal stress to the cell or if the cell has been intrinsically abnormal in the first place

45
Q

what are the 2 ways poikilocytes clump together?

A

rouleaux- neat stack of RBCs

agglutinates- irregular clumps of RBCs

46
Q

what causes a rouleaux to form?

A

alterations in plasma proteins

47
Q

what causes agglutinates to form?

A

antibodies attaching to RBC antigens

48
Q

what can a lack of splenic function also cause to appear commonly?

A

a Howell-Jolly Body

- nuclear remnant of RBC

49
Q

“too many”

A
  • cytosis and -philia

e. g. leucocytosis, neutrophilic , eosinophilia, lymphocytosis

50
Q

“too few”

A
  • penia

e. g. leucopenia, neutropenia

51
Q

what describes an increase in non-segmented neutrophils?

A

left shift

  • presence of neutrophil precursors in the blood
  • band form

[the transformation goes backwards, to the left]

52
Q

what is toxic granulation?

A

heavy granulation of neutrophils as a result of infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis
also normal in pregnancy

53
Q

what do you see in right shift?

A

hypersegemented neutrophils
increase in average number of neutrophil lobes

caused by lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid (e.g. in megaloblastic anaemia where DNA synthesis has been inhibited)

MCD Haematology (11 decks)

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