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Physiology of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal Hematocrit PCV (packed cell volume) % for dogs?

A

40-59%

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2
Q

What is the normal Hematocrit (packed cell volume) PCV % for cats?

A

29-50%

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3
Q

What is the liquid portion of blood called?

A

plasma

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4
Q

Come back to slide 4-6 for values

A
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5
Q

What percent of body weight is blood?

A

± 6-8%

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6
Q

What are the two fractions of blood?

A
  • Noncellular (plasma)
  • Cellular (red blood cells, white blood cells, and thrombocytes)
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7
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

60%

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8
Q

What percentage of blood is cells?

A

40%

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9
Q

What are 4 functions of blood?

A

-Transportation (hormones, oxygen, immune cells)
- Regulation
- Defense
- Storage

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10
Q

What does blood transport?

A
  • Respiratory gasses (oxygen and CO2)
  • Waste products of metabolism
  • Nutrients
  • Hormones
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11
Q

What are some examples of waste products of metabolism?

A
  • Urea (prod. in liver)
  • Creatinine (prod. by muscles)
  • Uric acid (biproducts of purines)
  • Bilirubin (prod. by hemoglobin)
  • hormone and drug metabolites (prod. by hormones and drugs)
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12
Q

What determines the water content of tissues?

A

Albumin

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13
Q

What determines the pH in blood?

A

Anions and cations that are found in blood (hydrogen ion concentration)

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14
Q

When the H+ concentration is high, blood becomes more ______.

A

acidic

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15
Q

When the bicarbonate concentration is high, blood becomes more ______.

A

alkaline

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16
Q

pH is regulated by _______.

A

buffers

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17
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that keeps the pH of a solution constant, so that even if a strong acid/base, that pH does not change.

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18
Q

What 2 things act as buffers in the blood? What do they do?

A

Plasma proteins and hemoglobin.
They can hold onto a proton ion, as well as a hydroxide anion, and prevent these substances from being free.

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19
Q

How does blood regulate hormones?

A

Through a negative feedback loop.

The hypothalamus produces releasing hormone
The hormone concentration in blood will control if the brain should produce more or less of this hormone

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20
Q

come back to regulation slide

A
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21
Q

Monocytes go into tissues to become ______.

A

Macrophages

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22
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

cells in the blood that produce antibodies

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23
Q

How does blood defend against blood loss?

A

Coagulation

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24
Q

How does blood defend against toxins?

A

With antibodies

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25
Q

What ion gives red blood cells their color?

A

hemoglobin

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26
Q

come back to slide 14

A
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27
Q

What are the major plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, gamma), fibrinogen

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28
Q

Where are plasma proteins produced?

A

in the liver

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29
Q

Why is the concentration of plasma proteins important?

A

To maintain the normal function of blood

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30
Q

What determines blood pressure?

A

Albumin

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31
Q

What controls the blood clotting mechanism?

A

Fibrinogen

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32
Q

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

A
  • oncotic pressure
  • buffers
  • viscosity (amnt of RBCs or concentration of pps)
  • source of nutrients
  • carriers of non-water-soluble substances
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33
Q

What organelle synthesizes heme in the red blood cell?

A

mitochondria

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34
Q

What is IgA?

A

An immunoglobulin effective against microorganisms present in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract

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35
Q

What is IgM?

A

The naturally occurring antibody against red blood cells in certain incompatible blood types

First antibody produced by the activated B cells and is specifically effective in activating the complement system

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36
Q

What is the complement system?

A
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37
Q

What is IgD?

A
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38
Q

What plasma protein predominates over globulins in sheep, goats, and dogs?

A

albumin

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39
Q

*slide 23 plasma proteins in diff species

A
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40
Q

Plasma proteins help to maintain normal blood pressure by contributing to the _______ of the blood.

A

viscosity

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41
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin? (Hb)

A

to carry gasses

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42
Q

Where are all blood cells made?

A

In the bone marrow (can be in other places during development)

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43
Q

What is erythropoiesis, and what are the characteristic changes?

A

The formation of red blood cells:

-reduction in size of the CFU-E
- nucleus and nucleoli disappear
- hemoglobin appears
- staining properties in cytoplasm change

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44
Q

What is the normal pH of blood, and what organs is it regulated by?

A

7.32- 7.45
the lung and kidney

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45
Q

What is viscosity, and what are the main factors that contribute to it?

A

The friction of molecules and cells in blood

Whole blood and plasma are the main factors of viscosity

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46
Q

What is the function of thrombomodulin? What role does it play during blood clotting?

A

Enhances the activiation of protein C by thrombin and
results in the inactivation of factor V and VIII.

Modulates thrombin

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47
Q

What ligand stimulates platelets to become active by producing second messengers such as inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerate ( DAG)?

A

Thrombin

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48
Q

What are the types of blood cells?

A

RBC (erythrocytes)
WBC (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

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49
Q

Where are RBCs produced at the different prenatal and postnatal stages?

A

Prenatal:
- Yolk sac- early pregnancy
- Liver and spleen- Mid-pregnancy

Late pregnancy and Postnatal:
- Bone marrow

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50
Q

What are the 2 categories of white blood cells (myeloid cells), and what are the members of each category?

A

Granulocytes:
- Eosinophils
- Neutrophils
- Basophils

Agranulocytes:
- Monocyte
- Lymphocyte

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51
Q

What is another term for committed progenitor cells?

A

Myeloid cell progenitors

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52
Q

What is the ion that makes blood red?

A

Hemoglobin

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53
Q

The size of the central pallor (white central zone of rbc) determines the _________.

A

concentration of hemoglobin.

The wider it is, the smaller [ ] of hemoglobin

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54
Q

What is the size of RBC in dogs?

A

7.3 microns

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55
Q

What is the size of RBC in cats?

A

6.5 microns

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56
Q

What hormone controls erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells)?

A

erythropoietin (also called erythrocyte stimulating factor)

It is a glycoprotein secreted by the peritubular capillaries of the kidney, liver, and brain.

In dogs, it is secreted ONLY in the kidney

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57
Q

What are the general factors needed for erythropoiesis?

A
  • Stimulus/Erythropoietin (stimulated by the amount of O2partial pressure in blood- a function of the TRBC)
  • Thyroxine- regulation of cell metabolism
  • Hemopoietic growth factors
  • Vitamins
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58
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

A hormone that increases the rate of cell metabolism by consuming oxygen, which can create a hypoxic state

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59
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

A type of blood cancer from increased production of RBCs.

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60
Q

What are some other erythropoietin stimulants?

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Several prostaglandins
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61
Q

What are the immature forms of red blood cells?

A

reticulocyte (very tiny nucleus materials) and normoblast (still retains significant amount of nucleus)

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62
Q

What are the 6 hematopoietic growth factors, and what do they develop into?

A
  • Granulocyte-CSF: Granulocyte-monocyte
  • Granulocyte CSF: Granulocyte
  • Macrophage CSF: Monocyte
  • Erythropoietin: Erythrocyte
  • Interleukin-3, 6, 11: Myeloid lineage
  • Thrombopoietin: Platelet
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63
Q

What different vitamin deficiencies cause what diseases?

A

Vitamin B- anaemia and pellagra
Vitamin C- anaemia and scurvy
Vitamin D- Anaemia and rickets
VItamine E- anaemia and malnutrition

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64
Q

What are the stages of development in Erythropoiesis?

A
  • Proerythroblast
  • Basophil erythroblast
  • Polychromatophil erythroblast
  • Orthochromatic erythroblast
  • Reticulocyte
  • Erythrocyte

please bring popocorn or really everything

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65
Q

What makes up hemoglobin?

A

heme and globin

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66
Q

What breaks down iron to be recycled?

A

transferrin

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67
Q

What vitamin is essential in the synthesis of hemoglobin and the differentiation of the cell lines for erythrocytes and CFU cells?

A

Vitamin B

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68
Q

What is Vitamin B protected by so it can be absorbed intact and stored in the liver and muscles? What does it do once it binds to B12?

A

Intrinsic factor- a substance produced by parietal cells in the stomach. Also produces folic acid.

Binds to B12 and then to specific small intestinal cells brush border (at the ileum)

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69
Q

Vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor together are called _______.

A

hematinic principle

supports increased production of RBCs

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70
Q

What is folic acid needed for?

A

Maturation, and the synthesis of DNA of RBCs

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71
Q

Where is folic acid absorbed?

A

The proximal jejunum (middle part of the small intestine)

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72
Q

What 5 factors/elements are necessary for hemoglobin formation? Why?

A
  • High protein in the diet for globin synthesis
  • Iron for the formation of heme
  • Copper for the absorption of iron
  • Cobalt and nickel for the utilization of iron during Hb formation
  • Vitamin- C, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, and pyridoxine for the formation of Hb
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73
Q

What are the physical properties of RBCs?

A
  • Permeability- to gasses, supported by transport proteins found on the membrane.
  • Deformation- should maintain flexibility for diffusion of gasses
  • Fragility and hemolysis or creation (tonicity)
  • Isosmotic solution and lower osmotic solutions
  • Suspension stability- very stable in suspension due to repelling force of the same charge and bigger surface area
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74
Q

Carbon dioxide is carried as _____.

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

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75
Q

What proteins are responsible for the antiport transport of materials/exchange of proteins in RBCs?

A

Band 3 & 4.1 proteins

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76
Q

What supports the mobility and flexibility of the RBC membrane?

A

ankyrin bridge- links cytoplasmic protein (spectrin) with the membrane.

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77
Q

What does Hb stand for?

A

hemoglobin

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78
Q

What causes the repulsive force between RBCs and plasma proteins that prevents the RBCs from grouping at the capillary walls and remaining at the center of the blood?

A

The RBC membrane is negatively charged, and so is the membrane of the plasma proteins

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79
Q

What is the oxygen-carrying compound in the RBC?

A

hemoglobin

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80
Q

In mammals, how many heme molecules are in one hemoglobin?

A
  1. Each heme can carry a molecule of oxygen
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81
Q

What is the porphyrin ring?

A

1 heme:
A cluster of 4 Pyron molecules around an ion atom

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82
Q

Slide 65 structure of Hb label

A
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83
Q

In what state does the iron in Hb normally present?

A

An unstable, ferrous state

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84
Q

What is the symbol for the ferric state of iron?

A

Fe3+ (oxidized)

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85
Q

What is the symbol for the ferrous state of iron?

A

Fe2+ (unstable)

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86
Q

What is the pigment in Hb called?

A

porphyrin

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87
Q

Hb is formed by:

A

4 pyrol rings (tetrapyrole) I, II, III, IV

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88
Q

What terminal of each pyrold ring and globulin attach to an iron?

A

the N terminal

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89
Q

Acetate is produced from what to then enter the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

90
Q

What is pyrrole formed from?

A

Two forms of α-ketoglutaric acid combined with glycine

91
Q

What are the steps in the synthesis of Hb?

92
Q

Ions are regulated strictly by _______.

A

The ion demand in the body

93
Q

Where is heme biosynthesis completed? (star, intermediate, end)

A
  • Starts: Mitochondria
  • Intermediate 4 steps: Cytosol
  • Ends: Mitochondria
94
Q

How is heme synthesized?

95
Q

Where is about ~85% of heme produced in the body?

A

The bone marrow

96
Q

Where is cytochrome P450 synthesized?

97
Q

Who breaks down RBCs and where?

A

Macrophages; spleen (red pulp)

98
Q

What happens to iron after being broken down?

A

It is reused in the bone marrow

99
Q

Go back to ion toxicity assignment, and parts that do what

100
Q

What is the second most common respiratory pigment and in which species is it found?

A

Haemocyanin
Found in arthropods and mollusks (some bivalves, many gastropods, and cephalopods)

101
Q

In what species are hemerythrins (oxygen carriers) found?

A

marine invertebrates (annelids, sipunculids, priapulids, and brachiopods)
It is pink in color

102
Q

Where are chlorocruorins (oxygen carriers) found?

A

4 families of marine annelid worms
Green in color, similar structure to hemoglobin

103
Q

What forms when Hb binds to O2?

A

oxyhemoglobin (O2 is attached to the Fe2+)
(no chemical reaction occurs, so iron is still in the ferrous state)

104
Q

Cyanoglobin cannot be handled by the body. What is the less toxic compound that it tries to be converted into to be handled by the body?

A

Methemoglobin
less dangerous chemical, because the body can produce methemoglobin reductase to combat it

105
Q

What are the normal hemoglobin levels in dogs?

A

12-18 g/dL (grams per deciliter)

106
Q

What are the normal hemoglobin levels in cats?

A

8-15 g/dL (grams per deciliter)

107
Q

What is measured to determine the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs?

A

hemoglobin

108
Q

What is the RBC lifespan in dogs?

A

100-130 days

109
Q

What is the RBC lifespan in cats?

A

70-80 days

110
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

The destruction or breaking down of RBCs

111
Q

What are some characteristics of intravascular hemolysis?

A
  • abnormal, pathological
  • Occurs inside the blood vessels
  • free (excess) hemoglobin in plasma
  • free hemoglobin in the urine
  • iron-containing deposits in renal tubules
  • plasma attaches to haptoglobin
  • Decrease in haptoglobin concentration in the plasma
    -Caused by mechanical damage, toxins, complement activation
112
Q

What are some characteristics of extravascular hemolysis?

A
  • normal
  • Occurs outside the blood vessels, primarily in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow
  • No hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria
  • Increased indirect bilirubin
  • Increased LDH and normal to slightly low haptoglobin.
    -Caused by RBC membrane defects and autoantibodies
113
Q

What is a band cell?

A

An immature form of neutrophils, also called band neutrophils

114
Q

Which blood cell secretes histamine and heparin?

115
Q

What are RBCs removed by?

A

the phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system (mononuclear phagocytic system, MPS)

Further broken down by macrophages

116
Q

In which animals are reticulocytes USUALLY present in normal health?

A

Animals with an RBC lifespan of less than 100 days (cat, lamb, chicken). The dog is an exception to this

117
Q

When RBCs are broken down extravasculary, what is released and broken down into what?

A

Hemoglobin is released and then broken down into heme and globin.

The globin is broken down by proteases into amino acids- which are absorbed by other cells and stored in their ribosomes

118
Q

What is heme broken down into after its separation from globin?

A

tetrapyrrole ring and iron -> straight chain (biliverdin) -> bilirubin

119
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A

Macrophages in the liver that destroy RBCs to release Hb

120
Q

What converts biliverdin to bilirubin?

A

biliverdin reductase

121
Q

come back to slide 80 abt bilirubin

122
Q

What breaks Hb down into heme and globin?

A

hemoglobinase

123
Q

In which species do you find Howell-Jolley bodies in at least 1 % of their normal erythrocytes?

124
Q

What is basophilic stippling?

A

the presence of numerous basophilic granules that are dispersed through the cytoplasm of erythrocytes in a peripheral blood smear.

It represents the spontaneous aggregation of ribosomal RNA in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes

125
Q

What are siderocytes?

A

Anucleate erythrocytes with iron-containing
(siderotic) cytoplasmic inclusions.

126
Q

What is rouleau? What animals have this feature?

A

The stacking of RBCs that resembles coins.

Horses, pigs, and sheep

127
Q

What is anisocytosis? What animals have it?

A

RBCs occurring in different sizes.
Cattle, sheep, and goats.

128
Q

What is poikilocytosis? What animal has this feature?

A

Different shaped RBCs.
Goats

129
Q

What is PCV?

A

Packed cell volume

The % volume of the total; number of RBCs when they are sedimented and packed together.

130
Q

What does a PCV of less than 40 in a dog or less than 29 in a cat indicate?

A

An anemic state or overhydration

131
Q

What does a PCV of more than 59 in the dog or 50 in the cat indicate?

A

Polycythaemia (erythrocytosis) or dehydration

132
Q

How do you calculate MCV? (mean corpuscular volume)

What is it?

A

PCV/ TRBC x 10

(answer is in fl), and millions in TRBC are accounted for

The ratio of packed cell volume(PCV) and total red blood cell (TRBC).

133
Q

How do you calculate MCH? (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)

What does it meaure?

A

Hb x 10/TRBC
or
Hb (mg/dl)/TRBC x 10
(answer is in picograms)

Amount of haemoglobin in average red blood cell.

134
Q

How do you calculate MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations)

What does it measure?

A

Hb/PCV % x 100
or
Hb/PCV (decimal form)
(answer is in %)

Amount of hemoglobin per unit volume of fluid inside the cell.

135
Q

What is the normal ESR range for dogs?

A

0-20 mm/hr
usually lower in healthy dogs, higher indicated inflammation or disease

136
Q

What is the normal ESR range for cats?

A

0-5 mm/hr
vert slow ESR due to small, dense RBCs

137
Q

What is anemia?

A

Low concentration of hemoglobin in the blood

138
Q

What are some causes of anemia?

A

Blood loss
excessive hemolysis
non-formation of erythrocytes

139
Q

What are the four characteristic types of anemia?

A

Normocytic normochromic
microcytic hypochromic
macrocytic hypochromic
macrocytic hyperchromic

140
Q

What is the relationship between increased hemolytic anemia and the formation of gallstones in animals?

141
Q

What are the 2 classifications of polycythemia?

A

Relative (false incr.)
Absolute (real incr.)
-primary & secondary

142
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

An occurrence of red blood cells of different colors, mainly due to a combination of mature and mature red blood cells in circulation.

143
Q

What is the normal WBC count in dogs?

144
Q

What is the normal WBC count in cats?

145
Q

What is the normal RBC count in dogs?

146
Q

What is the normal RBC count in cats?

147
Q

What is the normal total protein level in dogs?

A

5.0-7.4 gm/dL

148
Q

What is the normal total protein level in cats?

A

5.2-8.8 gm/dL

149
Q

What are the normal blood glucose levels in dogs?

A

80-150 mg/dL

150
Q

What are the normal blood glucose levels in cats?

A

64-170 mg/dL

151
Q

In bacterial infections, leukocytes (especially neutrophils) may be _____ greatly.

152
Q

In viral diseases, the number of leucocytes( especially neutrophils) will _______.

153
Q

How are leukocytes usually found in the circulating blood?

A
  • marginated (WBC)
  • passing slowly along the endothelial lining
154
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

Granulated leukocytes that inhibit allergic reactions induced by basophils by producing PGE

155
Q

Which animal has the largest erythrocyte?

156
Q

Which animal has the smallest erythrocyte?

157
Q

return to slide 118-120

158
Q

What is the least common leukocyte?

159
Q

What is the most abundant arganulocyte?

A

Lymphocytes
-more numerous in cattle, sheep, goats, swine, and chickens

160
Q

T lymphocytes are ____% of circulating lympohocytes

161
Q

What is the physiological difference between the T and B lymphocytes?

A

slides 122- 131

162
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Groups of hormone-like, low molecular-weight proteins secreted by various cell types

they regulate the intensity and duration of immune response and mediate cell-to-cell communication

163
Q

Whata re glucocorticoides?

164
Q

What are interferons?

A

A group of proteins (glycoproteins) with antiviral properties.

Produced by lymphocytes (helper) and other cell types

(inhibit viral RNA and DNA replication, mark cancer cells)

165
Q

Slide 135

166
Q

What is the function of WBCs? What are examples of WBCs?

A

Protection
execute specific and non-specific immune reactions.

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

167
Q

What is a differential LC (leukocyte)shift to the left?

A

An increase in the number of immature neutrophils (band cells) in the circulating blood

  • response to infection
168
Q

What is a differential LC (leukocyte) shift to the right?

A

A reduced count of band cells in the circulating blood compared to mature neutrophils.

  • greater hyper segmentation or lobulation of the nucleus
169
Q

What is Leukocytosiss?

A

An increase in TWBC

170
Q

What is Leukopaenia?

A

A decrease in TWBC

171
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

An increase in neutrophils

172
Q

What is Neutropaenia?

A

A decrease in neutrophils

173
Q

What are monocytosis, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, and lymphopenia?

A

A decreased number of lymphocytes

174
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The process of blood clotting and then the subsequent dissolution of the clot

175
Q

What are the 4 stages of Hemostasis (blood coagulation)?

A
  • Platelet reaction
  • vascular reaction
  • clotting
  • fibrinolysis
176
Q

What activates the platelets once they adhered?

A

von-Willebrand factor (vWF)
it is secreted by the site

177
Q

Which blood clotting factor must be activated for clotting to occur?

178
Q

What is the role of platelets during coagulation?

A

Clot formation at the site of vessel injury

179
Q

What is the function of vWF?

A

To act as a bridge between glycoprotein on the surface of platelets (GPIb/IX) and collagen fibrils.

Serves as a carrier protein for factor VIII

180
Q

What is aggregation?

A

When activated platelets aggregate together

181
Q

What ligand stimulates platelets to become active by producing second messengers such as inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol ( DAG)?

182
Q

What are the three phases of hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding)?

A

platelet plug formation
vasoconstriction
formation of blood clot

183
Q

What is primary hemostasis?

A

Formation of a platelet plus around the site of the injured blood vessel

184
Q

What is secondary hemostasis?

A

Reinforces the platelet plug with the creation of protein mesh (fibrin)

185
Q

Once factor X is activated what happens?

A

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin

186
Q

Once thrombin is activated what happens?

A

Fibrinogen is converted to Fibrin. Positive feedback to factor XI.

187
Q

What is the function of Protein C? What is involved in becoming activated?

A

Degrade phospholipid-bound activated factors V and VIII in the presence of calcium (Inhibit coagulation). Thrombomodulin and Protein S.

188
Q

What are other inhibitors of coagulation?

A

Antithrombin III
Heparin
Calcium ions precipitants
EDTA
Potassium Oxalate, fluorides

189
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Process of dissolving of fibrin

190
Q

What is the main component that dissolves the clot during fibrinolysis?

192
Q

What does plasmin activate?

A

The conversion of fibrin to fibrin degradation factors

193
Q

What is the most common blood type in cats?

194
Q

Do cats have a universal donor?

195
Q

What is the universal donor in dogs?

A

DEA 1.1 negative

196
Q

What is the universal receiver in dogs?

A

DEA 1.1 positive

197
Q

What is an ankyrin bridge?

A

A connection between the cytoskeleton and the cell membrane of red blood cells

198
Q

What are some vascular reactions that occur during blood clotting?

A
  • Inward rolling of the inner layers of the BV
  • Elastic retraction of the vascular wall
  • Vasoconstriction, caused by reflex sympathetic discharge because of pain or local myogenic contraction
  • Serotonin and thromboxane A2 released from the platelets
199
Q

Most blood vessels are supplied by which nerve? What is it known to cause?

A

The sympathetic nerve.
It is known to cause vasoconstriction via the release of norepinephrine or noradrenaline.

200
Q

What is the role of aspirin in the platelet plug?

A

reduces blood platelet population by destroying them (controls hemorrhage) the prevents blood clotting

201
Q

Is prostacyclin production increased or reduced during vasodilation?

202
Q

What is platelet factor 3?

A

A group of phospholipids which provide a catalytic surface for activation of the clotting factor V and II

203
Q

Which platelet factors help coagulation?

204
Q

What does platelet factor 4 do?

A

It neutralizes heparin

205
Q

What activated factor V?

206
Q

What does clotting factor V (Proaccelerin) do?

A

It binds to activated platelets to prepare them for thrombin and helps activate factor X.

207
Q

Why is there no factor 6 in blood clotting?

A

It acts exactly the same as factor 5 (V)

208
Q

What are the major purposes of the blood clotting cascade?

A

The activation of factor X (Stuart) FX -> FXa
Activation of prothrombin to thrombin
Formation of fibrin clot by the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin

209
Q

What are the 2 pathways in blood clotting?

A

Extrinsic (factors come from tissues)
Intrinsic (factors come from blood)

210
Q

What happens in the extrinsic pathway of the blood clotting cascade?

A
  • Factor 3 (tissue factor) is activated
  • Factor 7 is activated
  • FIIIa + FVIIa complex (extrinsic tenase complex)
  • Complex activates FX -> FXa
211
Q

What happens in the Intrinsic pathway of the blood clotting cascade?

A
  • FVIII -> FVIIIa
  • FIX -> FIX
  • FVIII & FIX complex
  • in the presence of the calcium ion and phospholipids on the membrane of platelets, it forms the intrinsic tenase pathway
  • FX -> FXa
212
Q

How is Factor IX activated?

A
  • Factor XIII is activated
  • FXII + Kallikrein -> FXIIa
  • FXI -> FXIa
  • FIX -> FIXa

Chain reaction

213
Q

What does FXa combine with to create the prothrombinase complex?

A

FXa + FVa + Ca2+ + PL

214
Q

What does the prothrombinase complex do?

A

Converts prothrombin to thrombin

215
Q

What converts fibrogen to fibrin?

216
Q

What converts fibrin to a stable fibrous substance (clot)?

A

F13 (fibrin stabilizing factor)

217
Q

What are the 3 types of cofactors?

A
  • Organic
  • Inorganic
  • Vitamins (Vitamin K for blood clotting)
218
Q

Blood clotting cascade

219
Q

What are some inhibitors of coagulation?

A

Antithrombin III- Inhibits active sites of F9a, F10a, F12a, and thrombin

Protein C- degrades phospholipid-bound activated factors 5 and 8 in the presence of calcium

Protein S- Cofactor to protein C by enhancing the binding of activated protein C to negatively charged phospholipids

220
Q

I stopped at 168- plz continue later >n<

Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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