Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SF3 > Physiology of Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Physiology of Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the peripheral ANS?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Enteric neurons

Visceral afferent fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The central ANS provides for homeostasis by what three routes?

A
  1. Controls viscera via its connections to preganglionic neurons that control teh heart, smooth muscle, and glands of the body through parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons
  2. Controls behaviors responsible for physical exchanges between the organism and environment via connecttions to motivational and somatic motor pathways
  3. Control of the endocrine system contributes to both of the foregoing control mechanism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which systems are involved in appetitive behaviors?

A
  • Ingestive
    • ​Eating and drinking
  • Excretory
    • ​​​Micturition and defication
  • ​Reproductive
    • ​Mating and parturition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sympathetic efferents exit the CNS from the spinal cord between the ___ and ______ levels.

A

T1; L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organs of the _______ are inenrvated by prevertebral ganglia distal tot he spinal and paravertebral chain.

A

abdominal cavity

NOTE: Prevertebral ganglion are closer to target tissue, unpaired, and a short distance to travel to reach terminal ganglia (as opposed to paravertebral ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The sympathetic ganglia contain cell bodies of ________ (preganglionic/postganglionic) neurons that project to the target organs.

A

Postganglionic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parasympathetic efferents exit the CNS via the cranial nerves or from the ________ spinal cord.

A

Sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In both divisions of parasympathetic, the CNS efferents in the ANS project to autonomic ganglia and are called __________ neurons.

A

Preganglionic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are the preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetics located respectively?

A

Preganglionic

  • Intermediolateral cell colum in lamina 7

Postganglionic

  • Paravertebral and Prevertebral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What si the course of preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A
  1. Begin in intermediolateral cell column of lamina VII
  2. Project through the ipsilateral ventral root separating into the white ramus
  3. Synapse with postganglionic neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Paravertebral ganglion supply innervation to which structures?

A
  • head
  • thorax
  • trunk
  • limbs
  • Blood vessels in muscles
  • Sweat glands
  • Erector pili mscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the targets of the superior cervical ganglion?

A

Eyes

Salivary glands

Lacrimal glands

Blood vessels of the cranial muscles

Blood vessels of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the targets of the middle cervical and stellate ganglion?

A

Heart

Lungs

Bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic efferents can form synapses with what?

A
  1. In the paravertebral ganglia at the same level
  2. In the paravertebral ganglia at a different level
  3. In accessory sympathetic (prevertebral ganglia)

NOTE: Specialized sympathetic preganglionic neurons project to the adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the course of preganglionic fibers to reach prevertebral ganglion cells?

A

Preganglionic axons pass through the white rami, the chain ganglia, and the gray rami without synapsing to make contact with prevertebral ganglionic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the major prevertebral ganglion and what do they innervated?

A

Celiac (solar plexus)

  • Stomach, foregut, liver, pancreas

Superior Mesenteric

  • Midgut

Inferior mesenteric

  • Hindgut and pelvic organs

Pelvic- hypogastric plexus

Urinary and genital tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The adrenal medulla is a ___________ ganglion containing postganglions.

A

Sympathetic prevertebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

________________ cells in the adrenal medulla behave like sympathetic postganglionic neurons, releasing epinerphrine (adrenaline) into the bloodstream.

A

Chromaffin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

In or near their target organs, usually far from the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gray matter of which spinal cord segment provides parasympathetics?

A

S2-S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which parasympathetic nuclei are located in the brainstem? What is the function of each respectively?

A

Edinger- Westphal Nucleus

  • Parasympathetic neurons travel in CN III and synapse onto postganglionic neurons in ciliary ganglion
  • Innervates constrictor muscle of the pupil and ciliary muscle

Superior Salivatory Nucleus

  • Parasympathetic neurons through a branch of CN VII to the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia
  • Innervates lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands

Inferior Salivatory Nerve and Nucleus Ambiguus

  • CN IX to the otic ganglion
  • Innervates the parotid gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

About 75% of all parasympathetic nerve fibers are in the _______ nerve.

A

Vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the vagus nerve located?

A

Nucleus Ambiguus

  • Activates striated muscles in the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus and slows the heart

​Dorsal motor nucleus

  • Initiates secretion of gastic acid, insulin and glucagon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which structures receive parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve?

A

Viscera of the thorax and abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vagal afferent cell bodies are located in the __________ ganglion. What type of info is carried here?

A

Nodose

  • Info about distention of hollow organs, blood gases, and body chemistry to the medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sacral preganglionic cell columns control parasympathetic motor, vasomotor, and secretomotor functions to which structures?

A

Kidneys

Bladder

Transverse and distal colon

Reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nociceptive input from the left ventricle of the heart is referred to the left ___ to _______ dermatomes.

A

T1; T5

28
Q

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons release which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

29
Q

Acetylcholine acts at ______ receptors on the postganglionic neuron.

A

Nicotinic

*Excitatory

30
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A

Norepinephrine

NOTE: Norepinephrine acts through alpha and beta adrenergic rectors on target organs. Excitatory and inhibitory depending on target.

31
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine which acts through _____ receptors on target organs.

A

Muscarinic

*Excitatory and inhibitory depending on target

32
Q

Postganglionic neurons release neurotransmitters from ______ instead of from axon terminal boutons.

A

Varicosities

*This bathes the target tissue in neurotransmitter

33
Q

Nictotonic receptors are ligand-gated channels for _________ (slow/rapid) transmission.

A

Rapid

34
Q

Post ganglionic parasympathetic neurons act through muscarinic ACh receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell, which are _______ (slow/rapid).

A

Slow (and prolonged)

35
Q

What is the mechanism by which muscarinic receptors work to modulate K+ receptors?

A
  • Muscaranic receptors (G protein coupled receptors)
    • Stimulate the hydrolysis of phosphoinositide increasing [Ca2+]l and activate protein kinase C
    • Inhibit adenylyl cyclase and thus decrease cAMP levels
    • Directly modulate K+channels through G-protein beta-gamma complex
36
Q

There are 5 types of muscuranic receptors. What are there functions respectively?

A

M1

  • Found mediating slow EPSP at the ganglion in the postganglionic nerve, is common in exocrine glands and in the CNS
  • Bound to G proteins of class Gq

​M2

  • Located in the heart
  • Act to slow the heart rate down to normal sinus rhythm, by slowing the speed of depolarization.
  • Act via a Gi type receptor, which causes a decrease in cAMP in the cell, inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and increasing efflux of K+, in general, leading to inhibitory-type effects.

M3

  • Located in the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, as well as in the lungs.
  • Gq-coupled
  • Mediates an increase in intracellular calcium, it typically causes contraction of smooth muscle
  • Increased synthesis of nitric oxide

M4

  • Gi- coupled
  • Located in CNS
  • Decrease cAMP

M5

  • Gq- coupled
37
Q

What are the functions of the two types of norepinephrine receptors?

A

Alpha

  • Contract smooth muscle
  • Types
    • ​a1- blood vessels
    • a2- presynaptic terminals

Beta

  • Relaxes smooth muscle
  • Types
    • ​B1- Heart
    • B2- Bronchial muscle of the lungs
    • B3- adipose
38
Q

What are the effects of an a1 agonist?

A

Effective nasal decongestants because they cause contriction of blood vessels which reduces blood blow and results in shrinkage on the tissue

39
Q

What effect would an a2 antagonist have?

A

Can be use to treat impotence (erectile dysfunction)

40
Q

What effect would a B1 agonist have?

A

Increase cardiac output in congestive heart failure because B1 acts on the heart, causing relaxation, which will increase blood flow.

41
Q

What effects would a B2 agonist have?

A

Used as bronchodilators in asthma and chronic lung disease

42
Q

a1 antagonist may be used in cases of __________.

A

Hypertension

43
Q

ATP works with norepinephrine to produce what actions?

A
  • Induces vascular constriction in vascular smooth muscle
  • Activates purinoceptors (implicated in learning and memory, locomotor and feeding behavior, and sleep) on smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, urinary bladder and other visceral targets
  • Via the P2x and P2y receptors: fast and slow excitation of smooth muscle in bladder, vas deferens and arteries
44
Q

Neuropeptide Y works with ATP for ______.

A

vasoconstriction

  • Stimulates arterial contraction and potentiates responses mediated by a1-adrenergic receptors
45
Q

What are the major functions of nitric oxide?

A
  • Relaxes vascualr smooth muscle
  • Stimulates intracellular soluble guanylate cyclase
  • Vasodialation, penile erection, urethral relaxation
46
Q

Somatostatin works with norepinephrine to control ______ and __________.

A

Gut motility; secretion

47
Q

_______ is the only brain site in a cloded efferent-afferent reflex loop with SNS and PNS.

A

Paraventricular nucleus

48
Q

Tha paraventricular nucleus plays a role in what functions?

A

Feeding, thermoregulation, circadian rhythms, water balance, emotions, sexual drive, reproduction, and motivation

49
Q

What are the stress hormones?

A

Cortisol (hypothalamus- pituatary-adrenal)

Norepinephrine and epinephrine (sympathetic nerve terminals and the adrenal medulla

50
Q

the innervation of the small arteries and arterioles allows sympathetic stimulation to ________ (increase/decrease) resistance to blood flow and thereby to _______ (increase/decrease) rate of blood flow through the tissues.

A

Increase; decrease

51
Q

Innervation of the large vessels, particularly of the veins, makes it possible for sympathetic stimulation to decrease the _____ of these vessels.

A

Volume

NOTE: This can push blood into the heart and thereby play a major role in regulation of hert pumping

52
Q

The cardiac parasympathetic fibers originate in the ________, incells that lie in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus or in the nucleus ambiguus.

A

Medulla oblongata

53
Q

The right and left vagus nerves are distributed to different cardiac structures. Where is each distributed and what does each stimulate?

A

Right vagus

  • SA node and atrial muscle
  • Stimulation of this nerve slows SA nodal firing and can even stop the firing for several seconds

Left vagus

  • ​AV node and some ventricular muscle
  • Inhibits AV conduction tissue to produce various degrees of AV block
54
Q

For given levels of atrial pressure, the amount of blood pumped each minute (cardiac output) can be increased more than 100 percent by _________ stimulation.

A

Sympathetic

NOTE: The opposite is true for parasympathetic stimulation

55
Q

Vagal fibers are distributed mainly to the ________.

A

Atria

*This explains the effect of vagal stimulation mainly to decrease heart rate rather than to decrease greatly the strength of heart contraction.

56
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect calcium dynamics?

A

Alters intracellular calcium dynamics through a greater influx of calcium leading to plateu strengthening leading to increased cotnractility strength

57
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch and carotid sinuses

58
Q

Baroreceptor respond to :

A

Vascular stretch and deformation induced by changes in arterial blood pressure

59
Q

Autonomic Dyreflexia is a condition observed in about 85 percent of patients following spinal cord injury above ______.

A

C6.

60
Q

What are the symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia?

A

Exaggerated autonomic reflexes, especially sudden dramatic increases in blood pressure are provoked by inappropriate stimuli, such as pressure on the bladder.

61
Q

__________ is an autosomal recessive disorder in Askenazic Jews associated with decreased tearing and sensitivity to pain and absent fungiform papillae on the tongue.

A

Riley- Day Syndrome

NOTE: Episodic abdominal crises and fever are very common as is orthostatic hypotension

62
Q

__________ is a progressive degenerative condition of unknown origin affecting cells of the central autonomic network in the brainstem, intermediolateral cell column, locus ceruleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and other nuclei including the substantia nigra caudate nucleus, and cerebellum.

A

Shy-Drager Syndrome

NOTE: The presence of lewy bodies in many of these areas suggests this syndrome may be releated to Parkinson’s disease.

63
Q

What is the hallmarksign of Shy-Drager syndrome?

A

Profound orthostatic hypotension without a compensatory increase in heart rate

64
Q

What is the clinical use of pilocarpine?

A

Glaucoma (opens aqueous humor drainage pores)

65
Q

What is the clinical use of neostigmine?

A

Myastenia gravis (increases availability of ACh)

66
Q

What is the clinical use of albuterol?

A

Asthma (dilates bronchioles by binding to B2 receptors)

67
Q

What is the clinical use of propranolol?

A

Hypertension (member of a class of drugs called beta-blocers that decrease heart rate and blood pressure

SF3 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions