Physiology Midterm Flashcards
Chapters 1-9
Physiology is defined as
the study of how animals work. This includes the structure and function of various parts, diversity of animals, and unifying themes.
Levels of biological organization
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere.
physiological subdisciplines
cell and molecular physiology, system physiology, organismal physiology, ecological physiology, integrative physiology.
Unifying themes of Physiology
A) physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws. B) physiological processes are usually regulated: regulation is a central theme in physiology. C) physiological phenotype is a product of genotype and phenotype. D) Genotype is the product of evolution.
Homeostasis
maintenance of internal constancy: negative feedback and positive feedback systems are frequently major players in homeostatic mechanisms.
Positive and negative feedback
Negative feedback works against body change. Examples are both body temperature and blood sugar regulation. Positive feedback works towards body change. An example is blood clotting.
Genotype
genetic makeup
Phenotype
morphology, physiology, and behavior
Physical properties of cell and tissue are linked to
structure and function
Molecular interactions are governed by
chemical laws both thermodynamic and kinetic
___ describe membrane function; especially excitable cells
Electric laws
___ influences physiological patterns
Body Size
Name 2 strategies for coping with changing conditions.
Conformers and Regulators
Conformers
Allow internal conditions to change with external conditions.
Regulators
Maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions.
Equilibrium
no net change or dissipation of energy.
Steady state
no net change, but continuous dissipation of energy or matter.
Life is a ___ process
Steady state. Animals continuously dissipate energy to keep away from equilibrium.
Phenotypic plasticity
single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environmental conditions.
____ contain a surprising amount of membrane
animal cells
The ___ is about 5-10nm thick: fluid-mosaic model
plasma membrane
Cell Membrane Structure
membrane, lipid, membrane lipid, membrane proteins
Membrane
lipid-protein assemblies held togethor in thin sheet by noncovalent bonds.
Lipid
Protein ratio varies greatly depending on membrane type: e.g. inner mitochondrial and myelin sheath