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breathe > Physiology - lecture 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Physiology - lecture 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is tidal volume? what is its average value?

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2
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume? what is its average value?

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3
Q

What is residual volume? what is its average value?

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4
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume? what is it average value?

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5
Q

what is vital capacity? what is its average value?

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6
Q

what does the word capacity refer to?

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7
Q

what is total lung capacity?

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8
Q

what is inspiratory capacity?

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9
Q

what is functional residual capacity?

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10
Q

what is FEV1?

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11
Q

what is FEV1:FVC?

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12
Q

what is anatomical dead space?

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13
Q

what can functional residual capacity be reduced by?

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14
Q

what does the term ventilation refer to?

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15
Q

what are the 2 kinds of ventilation present? what are they measured in?

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16
Q

How efficient is breathing?

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17
Q

what has the biggest effect on how much air gets into the alveolar space?

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18
Q

who has the highest pulmonary ventilation? ideal man, anxious patient, chilled out woman or all of them are the same?

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19
Q

who has the highest alveolar ventilation? ideal man, anxious patient, chilled out woman or all of them are the same?

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20
Q

how is total pulmonary ventilation measured?

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21
Q

how do you measure how much air gets to the alveoli?

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22
Q

how is alveolar ventilation measured?

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23
Q

what is partial pressure and how do you work it out?

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24
Q

what is partial pressure normally measured in?

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25
Q

what does partial pressure increase with and why?

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26
Q

what are elevated levels of CO2 in a patient normally due to?

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27
Q

what can alveolar Po2 and Pco2 vary with?

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28
Q

what happens during hyperventilation to Po2 and Pco2?

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29
Q

what happens to Po2 and Pco2 during hyperventilation?

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30
Q

what are the real life and ideal values for alveolar ventilation?

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31
Q

why is alveolar ventilation lower in real life than the ideal value? (3)

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32
Q

Define the various lung volumes and capacities and provide approximate normal values for them.

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33
Q

Describe the difference between pulmonary and alveolar ventilation

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34
Q

Know the normal values for alveolar and arterial gas partial pressures in different units

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35
Q

State the role of pulmonary surfactant and the Law of Laplace

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36
Q

Define the term compliance and factors that affect this

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37
Q

Summarise the basic characteristics of obstructive and restrictive lung disease.

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38
Q

Describe the tests used to identify abnormal lung function.

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39
Q

Why do lungs have a natural tendency to recoil? what is this inwardly directed force overcome by?

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40
Q

alveolar walls are made up of 2 types of cells. What are they and what ar their jobs?

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41
Q

what is surfactant?

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42
Q

what does surfactant do?

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43
Q

where does surface tension occur?

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44
Q

what does surface tension refer to?

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45
Q

what force does surfactant overcome? how does it do this?

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46
Q

what is air saturated by in the incomplete alveoli

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47
Q

where is surfactant more effective small or big alveoli? why?

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48
Q

which alveoli is pressure greater in?

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49
Q

which alveoli would end up collapsing? what would this cause? what does surfactant do to overcome this?

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50
Q

when does surfactant production start? end?

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51
Q

what is surfactant production stimulated by? (hormones)

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52
Q

what can premature babies suffer from?

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53
Q

what fills the lungs in utero?

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54
Q

why is it easier to inflate the lung in utero than in air?

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55
Q

what do lungs lose as you get older?

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56
Q

what is compliance?

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57
Q

what doe high compliance mean?

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58
Q

what does low compliance mean?

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59
Q

which type of compliance is never good? why?

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60
Q

what happens to the slope of lungs with a higher compliance?

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61
Q

what 3 things need to be overcome during inspiration?

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62
Q

how is the effort of inspiration usually recovered? why is this not the case for diseases like emphysema and fibrosis?

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63
Q

when does transpulmonary pressure become neg? give an example.

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64
Q

what do you need to decrease in order to get air into the lungs in fibrosis?

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65
Q

at what part of the lung is the volume change greater for a given change in pressure?

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66
Q

what are the things that decline from base to the apex? why?

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67
Q

at the base, a small change in intercellular pressure brings about a …. than the apex

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68
Q

what happens in obstructive lung disease? give an example of an obstructive disease

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69
Q

what happens in restrictive lung disease? give an example of a restrictive disease

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70
Q

what are the most common types of COPD?

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71
Q

what is the prevalence of COPD?

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72
Q

what is spirometry?

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73
Q

what can measurements in spirometry be classed as? what do they both mean?

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74
Q

which type of spirometry is more useful?

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75
Q

what lung measurements can be directly measured by spirometry?

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76
Q

what is FEV1? what is the average in a healthy male?

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77
Q

what is FVC? what is the average in a healthy male?

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a

78
Q

what is FEV1/FVC?

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79
Q

what happens to “normal” absolute values with age? what happens to “normal” ratio with age?

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a

80
Q

what happens in obstructive lung disease eg. COPD with a respect to FEV and FVC?

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81
Q

what happens in restrictive lung disease eg. pulmonary fibrosis with a respect to FEV and FVC?

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82
Q

what are the limitation of the FEV1/FVC ratio?

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83
Q

what is forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75)?

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breathe (4 decks)

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