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Block B: Respiration > Physiology Lecture 1: Lung Statics > Flashcards

Physiology Lecture 1: Lung Statics Flashcards

1
Q

Define tidal volume

A

Volume of air inspired and expired during regular breathing

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2
Q

Define vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that you can inspire and forcibly expire

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3
Q

Define residual volume

A

Volume in lungs that can never be expired (always there)

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4
Q

Equations for FRC

A

FRC = RV + ERV

(ERV = Expiratory reserve volume)

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5
Q

Equations for total lung capacity (TLC)

A
  1. TLC = IC + FRC
    • (IC = Inspiratory capacity)
  2. TLC = RV + ERV + VT + IRV
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6
Q

Equations for vital capacity

A
  1. VC = ERV + VT + IRV
    • IRV = inspiratory reserve volume
  2. VC = ERV + IC
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7
Q

Four major methods of volumes

A
  1. Spirometry
  2. Gas dilution
  3. Plethysmography (body box)
  4. Radiographic Techniques (x-ray; CT scan)
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8
Q

Function of spirometer

A
  • Measure the volume of gas entering or leaving the mouth (changes in lung volume)
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9
Q

What divisions of lung volume can spirometry measure?

A

Subdivisions of vital capacity (VC, IRV, ERV, VT)

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10
Q

4 uses of spirometry

A
  • Diagnosis of lung disease in patients
  • Determine severity of disease
  • Evaluate the evolution of disease
  • Evaluate treatment effect
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11
Q

Define FEV1

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expelled from maximum inspiration in the first second

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12
Q

Define FVC

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expelled from maximum inspiration to maximum expiration

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13
Q

Define PEF

A

Maximum flow attained during a forced expiratory maneuver

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14
Q

What is the important ratio in determining the health state of lungs using spirometry?

A

FEV1/FVC

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15
Q

What is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

0.70

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16
Q

Describe the changes in the flow volume curve and volume-time curve in obstructive lung disease

A
  • FEV1 and PEF are decreased
  • FVC is decreased or unchanged
  • **FEV1/FVC is decreased
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17
Q

Describe the changes in the flow volume curve and the volume-time curve of restrictive lung diseases

A
  • FEV1 decreased
  • Peak flow increases
  • FVC decreases
  • FEV1/FVC are normal or increased
18
Q

Equation used in gas dilution (explain components)

A

C1V1=C2V2

where V2 = V1 + FRC if measured at the end of usual breath

19
Q

Limitation of gas dilution

A

May underestimate lung volume of people with certain diseases (i.e. asthma) where air cannot accuss all parts of the lung

20
Q

Plethysmography equation

A

Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = k

21
Q

Why use plethysmograph?

A

Can measure trapped air volume not accessible by gas dilution

22
Q

3 determinants of lung volume

A
  1. Pulmonary compliance
  2. Chest wall compliance
  3. Respiratory muscles
23
Q

Define transpulmonary pressure

A

Ptp = Pao - Ppl

24
Q

Define transrespiratory pressure

A

PRS = Pao - Patm

25
Q

Define transmural pressure

A

The pressure across the wall of a structure (i.e. chest wall, airway wall or alveolar wall)

26
Q

Define compliance (in general)

A
  • A measure of stiffness
  • (Stiff = low; loose = high)
  • The slope of the P-V curve

CL = ΔV/ΔP

27
Q

How is pulmonary compliance obtained?

A

Using the transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)

28
Q

What is Ptp a measure of?

A

Elastic recoil pressure (Pel)

29
Q

When there is no flow, what is the Palv?

A

Pao = Palv

30
Q

2 determinants of compliance

A
  • Tissue Forces
  • Surface tension
31
Q

Where do the tissue forces of the lung come from?

A

Elastin-collagen proteoglycan network of the lung tissue

32
Q

When are tissue forces reduced?

A

When the lung parenchymal architecture is destroyed (i.e. in emphysema)

33
Q

When are tissue forces increased?

A

When lung scarring occurs (i.e. fibrosis)

34
Q

2 vital properties of pulmonary surfactant

A
  • Lowers surface tension to make it easier to inflate and delfate the lungs
  • Promotes alveolar stability, reducing the chance that alveoli will collapse
35
Q

Laplace’s Law

A

P = 2T/r

36
Q

Airflow according to Laplace’s law in the alveoli. How does this relate to pulmonary surfactant?

A

Decreased alveolus size = increase pressure = wair wants to go to bigger alveoli (P gradient)

Therefore, without pulmonary surfactant, the smaller alveoli would all collapse

37
Q

Describe the Pressure-Volume curve

A
38
Q

Describe the pressure-volume curves in disease

A
39
Q

3 determinants of residual volume

A
  • Limit of chest wall (i.e. youth)
    • Lung recoils inward
    • Chest wall reocils outward
  • Limit of emptying of the lung (i.e. elders)
    • Obstruction = more time to exhale (notion of closing volume)
  • Limit of expiratory force
    • Too weak = cannot blow
40
Q

Lung and chest recoil direction at TLC

A

Inward

41
Q

FRC lung and chest wall recoil

A

Lungs = inward

Chest wall = ouitwards

(Balance)

42
Q

RV lung and chest wall recoil direction

A

Lungs = inward

Chest wall = outward

+ effect of age and muscle strength

Block B: Respiration (4 decks)

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