Physiology lab

Question 1

Apex beat of the heart

Answer 1

Pulsation at 5th intercostal space about the mid clavicular line

Question 2

Palpation Is done with patient lying down

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Lying just left to the lower end of the sternum

Answer 3

Tricuspid area

Question 4

Dup

Answer 4

Clear, short and high in pitch

Question 5

Lubb

Answer 5

First heart sound, long and dull

Question 6

Left of the sternum, second intercostal space

Answer 6

Pulmonary area

Question 7

Right of the sternum, second intercostal space

Answer 7

Aortic area

Question 8

Mitral area

Answer 8

Corresponds to the apex beat

Question 9

Pulse is conveniently felt in which artery

Answer 9

Radial artery, at the wrist

Done right hand to right or left hand to left

Question 10

Bipolar standard limb

Answer 10

Question 11

Clinical measurement of arterial blood pressure

Answer 11

Measured in a peripheral artery- brachial artery
Instruments - a sphygmomanometer in extensible material, inflator(rubber bulb with valves, pressure indicator consisting of a mercury manometer calibrated in mmhg

Question 12

Two methods used in measuring systolic pressure

Answer 12

Palpatory

Auscultatory

Question 13

Korotkoff sounds

Answer 13

Rhythmic noises heard in an artery that is being partially compressed by a blood pressure cuff- turbulent blood flow in an artery

At pressure higher than systolic l, blood flow is cut off completely
Lower than diastolic, no compression of the artery at any point
Pressure between diastolic and systolic, the artery alternates between compressed and open, creating turbulence and the korotkoff sounds

Question 14

Auscultatory gap

Answer 14

Present when there is a range of blood pressures, in between the systolic and diastolic in which there are no korotkoff sounds

Question 15

The first heart sound cause

Answer 15

Produced by vibrations generated by the mitral and tricuspid valves. Corresponds to the end of diastole and beginning of ventricular systole

Question 16

Second heart sound cause

Answer 16

Produced by closure of the semilunar valves that is aortic and pulmonary valves

Question 17

Control of heart rate

Answer 17

Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate. Such factors as stress, caffeine, and excitement may temporarily accelerate your heart rate, while meditating or taking slow, deep breaths may help to slow your heart rate. Exercising for any duration will increase your heart rate and will remain elevated for as long as the exercise is continued. At the beginning of exercise, your body removes the parasympathetic stimulation, which enables the heart rate to gradually increase. As you exercise more strenuously, the sympathetic system “kicks in” to accelerate your heart rate even more. Regular participation in cardiovascular exercise over an extended period of time can decrease your resting heart rate by increasing the hearts size, the contractile strength and the length of time the heart fills with blood. The reduced heart rate results from an increase in activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, and perhaps from a decrease in activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 18

Control of heart rate

Answer 18

Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate. Such factors as stress, caffeine, and excitement may temporarily accelerate your heart rate, while meditating or taking slow, deep breaths may help to slow your heart rate. Exercising for any duration will increase your heart rate and will remain elevated for as long as the exercise is continued. At the beginning of exercise, your body removes the parasympathetic stimulation, which enables the heart rate to gradually increase. As you exercise more strenuously, the sympathetic system “kicks in” to accelerate your heart rate even more. Regular participation in cardiovascular exercise over an extended period of time can decrease your resting heart rate by increasing the hearts size, the contractile strength and the length of time the heart fills with blood. The reduced heart rate results from an increase in activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, and perhaps from a decrease in activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 19

Normal levels of the diastolic and systolic blood pressure

Answer 19

Systolic - less than 120mmhg

Diastolic -80

Question 20

Does heart rate vary with respiratory cycle

Answer 20

Heart rate increases during inspiration, reduces during expiration

Question 21

What is the function of electrode gel in ECG

Answer 21

Increase the conductivity between the skin and the electrodes

Question 22

Unipolar limb leads

Answer 22

Question 23

Unipolar chest leads

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Einthoven triangle