Physiology lab Flashcards
Apex beat of the heart
Pulsation at 5th intercostal space about the mid clavicular line
Palpation Is done with patient lying down
True
Lying just left to the lower end of the sternum
Tricuspid area
Dup
Clear, short and high in pitch
Lubb
First heart sound, long and dull
Left of the sternum, second intercostal space
Pulmonary area
Right of the sternum, second intercostal space
Aortic area
Mitral area
Corresponds to the apex beat
Pulse is conveniently felt in which artery
Radial artery, at the wrist
Done right hand to right or left hand to left
Bipolar standard limb
Clinical measurement of arterial blood pressure
Measured in a peripheral artery- brachial artery
Instruments - a sphygmomanometer in extensible material, inflator(rubber bulb with valves, pressure indicator consisting of a mercury manometer calibrated in mmhg
Two methods used in measuring systolic pressure
Palpatory
Auscultatory
Korotkoff sounds
Rhythmic noises heard in an artery that is being partially compressed by a blood pressure cuff- turbulent blood flow in an artery
At pressure higher than systolic l, blood flow is cut off completely
Lower than diastolic, no compression of the artery at any point
Pressure between diastolic and systolic, the artery alternates between compressed and open, creating turbulence and the korotkoff sounds
Auscultatory gap
Present when there is a range of blood pressures, in between the systolic and diastolic in which there are no korotkoff sounds
The first heart sound cause
Produced by vibrations generated by the mitral and tricuspid valves. Corresponds to the end of diastole and beginning of ventricular systole
Second heart sound cause
Produced by closure of the semilunar valves that is aortic and pulmonary valves
Control of heart rate
Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate. Such factors as stress, caffeine, and excitement may temporarily accelerate your heart rate, while meditating or taking slow, deep breaths may help to slow your heart rate. Exercising for any duration will increase your heart rate and will remain elevated for as long as the exercise is continued. At the beginning of exercise, your body removes the parasympathetic stimulation, which enables the heart rate to gradually increase. As you exercise more strenuously, the sympathetic system “kicks in” to accelerate your heart rate even more. Regular participation in cardiovascular exercise over an extended period of time can decrease your resting heart rate by increasing the hearts size, the contractile strength and the length of time the heart fills with blood. The reduced heart rate results from an increase in activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, and perhaps from a decrease in activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
Control of heart rate
Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate. Such factors as stress, caffeine, and excitement may temporarily accelerate your heart rate, while meditating or taking slow, deep breaths may help to slow your heart rate. Exercising for any duration will increase your heart rate and will remain elevated for as long as the exercise is continued. At the beginning of exercise, your body removes the parasympathetic stimulation, which enables the heart rate to gradually increase. As you exercise more strenuously, the sympathetic system “kicks in” to accelerate your heart rate even more. Regular participation in cardiovascular exercise over an extended period of time can decrease your resting heart rate by increasing the hearts size, the contractile strength and the length of time the heart fills with blood. The reduced heart rate results from an increase in activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, and perhaps from a decrease in activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
Normal levels of the diastolic and systolic blood pressure
Systolic - less than 120mmhg
Diastolic -80
Does heart rate vary with respiratory cycle
Heart rate increases during inspiration, reduces during expiration
What is the function of electrode gel in ECG
Increase the conductivity between the skin and the electrodes
Unipolar limb leads
Unipolar chest leads
Einthoven triangle
