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Physiology Final > Physiology I Final lab.csv > Flashcards

Physiology I Final lab.csv Flashcards

1
Q

What does S1 represent?

A

closure of the AV valve

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2
Q

What does S2 represent?

A

closure of the semi-lunar valves

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3
Q

When does S1 begin?

A

at onset of ventricular systole

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4
Q

What combined noises do you hear?

A

mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves. Lub

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5
Q

When does S2 begin?

A

onset of ventricular diastole.

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6
Q

What combined noises do you hear?

A

aortic and pulmonary semilunar outflow valves. сdubо

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7
Q

What is S3?

A

sometimes heard during ventricular filling

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8
Q

What is S4?

A

sometimes heard during atrial ejection

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9
Q

Where will loudest sounds be heard? (anatomical placement)

A

between intercostal spaces

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10
Q

Where is the aortic valve best heard?

A

in 2nd intercostal space to the immediate right of sternum

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11
Q

Where is pulmonary valve best heard?

A

2nd intercostal space to the immediate left of sternum

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12
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve best heard?

A

5th intercostal space to immediate left of sternum. (sometimes heard best immediate right of sternum)

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13
Q

Where is the mitral valve best heard?

A

5th intercostal space on mid-clavicular line

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14
Q

What patient position might assist in hearing S1 and mitral valve better?

A

flex forward and to left while twisting a bit to the right

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15
Q

What is the logical sweep pattern for ausultating?

A

start with aortic ? pulmonary ? tricuspid ? mitral. APTM

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16
Q

Which side of the patient should you position yourself?

A

to the patients left (not between their legs!!!)

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17
Q

What does the cardiac cycle represent?

A

a display of all the mechanical, hemodynamic, acoustical and electrical events that occur in the heart during one beat.

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18
Q

What are the 5 composite-assembled tracings?

A

aortic pressure, ventricular pressure, ventricular volume, atrial pressure, phonocardiogram, ecg

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19
Q

What is the most critical aspect in understanding the cardiac cycle?

A

relative timing of events

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20
Q

What 4 sources did we gather information from during lab?

A

ECG, phonocardiogram, peripheral pulse, and stroke volume.

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21
Q

What must happen to the heart before the left and right ventricle can contract and eject blood?

A

heart must first be depolarized (or electrically excited)

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22
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

ventricular depolarization

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23
Q

What 3 ways can you dtermine HR (w/out using biopac)?

A

1) measure the distance in time b/t any successive R waves, by counting boxes (each box =0.04 sec) then divide that number into 60. 2) find R wave that falls on a line on the grid.. count over 4 seconds (25 small boxes).. then count number of beats in that segment. Then multiply by 15. 3) Find R wave and count larger boxes (0.2 sec) until next R wave. With each line count down 300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50 etc..

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24
Q

What is the first method dependent on?

A

finding a representitive beat

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25
Q

What makes #2 method reliable?

A

the longer the period of time considered the better the value.

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26
Q

Which heart sound is recorded on the phonocardiogram?

A

first heart sound (S1) and second heart sound (S2).

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27
Q

What makes S1 difficult to see/Hear?

A

S4 because it runs into S1.

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28
Q

What might a rapid heart rate cause to happen?

A

S1 run into S2.

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29
Q

Which sound is stronger? S1 or S2?

A

S1

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30
Q

What does the time between the onset of the QRS complex and S1 represent?

A

Lag between excitation and mechanical action

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31
Q

How long does it last?

A

About 0.04 seconds.

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32
Q

What is well underway when ventricular excitation is happening?

A

S1

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33
Q

How do you measure VCT?

A

S2-S1 = VCT

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34
Q

What is VCT better known as?

A

systole

35
Q

What is VRT?

A

ventricular relaxation time – diastole

36
Q

How can you measure VRT?

A

measuring distances between onset of S2 and the next S1.

37
Q

In a resting heart, which is shorter, VRT or VCT?

A

VCT is shorter than VRT.

38
Q

At what heart rate do VRT and Vct become equal?

A

90 bpm.

39
Q

What does exercise shorten?

A

Diastole

40
Q

What is the average delay between the opening of the AV and the peripheral pulse?

A

~0.13 seconds.

41
Q

What does the peripheral pulse lack?

A

Dicrotic arch

42
Q

Where does the AV fall along the graph when counting backwards from PP?

A

The deepest valley of S1

43
Q

What does the onset of the aortic pulse correspond with?

A

Beginning of ejection phase of cycle.

44
Q

When does ejection end?

A

Appearance of S2

45
Q

What is LVET?

A

Deepest valley of S1- onset of S2

46
Q

What does the dicrotic notch appear as?

A

Incisura/dip on downward slope of pressure curve.

47
Q

How can you crudely estimate LVET?

A

Measuring from onset of pulse to notch.

48
Q

What is the IVCT?

A

Short amount of time it takes for the ventricles to build up pressure prior to ejection.

49
Q

What is the formula for IVCT?

A

VCT = IVCT+LVET

50
Q

What is CO?

A

CO = HR X SV

51
Q

What does voltage begin at for EKGs?

A

135 mV.

52
Q

P-wave ?

A

Atrial depolarization. 0.06-0.12 sec

53
Q

Q wave?

A

Ventricular septal activation.

54
Q

R wave

A

Vent depolar to Apex.

55
Q

S wave

A

Vent depolar back to base

56
Q

T wave

A

Vent repolar. 0.12 - 0.20 sec.

57
Q

PR segment

A

End of p wave to start of Q.

58
Q

PR interval

A

Approx 0.10 - 0.16 sec

59
Q

QRS complex.

A

Approx 0.6 - 0.10 sec.

60
Q

ST segment

A

0.8 - 0.16 sec

61
Q

ST interval

A

End of S wave to end of T wave

62
Q

QT interval.

A

0.26 - 0.48 sec

63
Q

Isoelectric line

A

Best seen before P wave or after T wave.

64
Q

What does a long PR segment suggest?

A

AV electrical block.

65
Q

What is einthovens triangle?

A

Leads 1,2,3. In frontal plane. Heart at center. 0 mV. Triaxial display.

66
Q

Which are augmented limb leads?

A

aVL, aVR, aVF.

67
Q

What is the electrical axis?

A

Net electrical direction of depolarization of ventricles.

68
Q

What does the normal QRS vector point to?

A

Down and to left. 60 degrees. Normal range = -30 - +105.

69
Q

What is QRS vector a product of?

A

Ventricular muscle mass, and anatomic position of heart.

70
Q

Which way does the axis move on inhalation?

A

Right shift.

71
Q

In regards to hypertrophy, which way does the axis move?

A

Towards hypertrophy. Away from damage.

72
Q

Which axis deviation with aortic stenosis?

A

Left

73
Q

Which axis deviation with left ventricular infarction?

A

Right.

74
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

SBP - DBP.

75
Q

What is MAP?

A

(PP/3) + DBP. Normally Bout 93

76
Q

What is the initial reaction of BP after standing with the PMBPI test?

A

Prompt reduction. By carotid and aortic baros.

77
Q

What does the PMBPI arterial BP drop result in?

A

Rapid compensatory changes that increase cardiac output and increase peripheral resistance. To bring BP back to normal.

78
Q

Phase 1 of valsalva?

A

Sudden transient increase in BP due to intrathoracic pressure

79
Q

Phase 2 valsalva?

A

Abrupt decline BP. Positive intrathoracic pressure stops venous return and cardiac output. Drop in arterial baro leads to rise in peripheral resistance and tachy. Almost no pulse

80
Q

Phase 3 valsalva?

A

Stop bearing down. Intrathoracic pressure drops suddenly restoring venous and CO. BP rises quickly.

81
Q

Phase 4 valsalva

A

Large CO. BP overshoot. Huge SV. Reflex Brady.

82
Q

What is VO2?

A

Oxygen consumption. HR x SV x A-V O2 difference.

83
Q

How do you determine maximum hr?

A

220-age.

84
Q

How do you determine ideal exercise hr?

A

Resting HR + [.6 (max hr - resting hr)
Example
220-28 = 192.
64 + [.6(192-64)] = 140

Physiology Final (2 decks)

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