Physiology I Final lab.csv

Question 1

What does S1 represent?

Answer 1

closure of the AV valve

Question 2

What does S2 represent?

Answer 2

closure of the semi-lunar valves

Question 3

When does S1 begin?

Answer 3

at onset of ventricular systole

Question 4

What combined noises do you hear?

Answer 4

mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves. Lub

Question 5

When does S2 begin?

Answer 5

onset of ventricular diastole.

Question 6

What combined noises do you hear?

Answer 6

aortic and pulmonary semilunar outflow valves. сdubо

Question 7

What is S3?

Answer 7

sometimes heard during ventricular filling

Question 8

What is S4?

Answer 8

sometimes heard during atrial ejection

Question 9

Where will loudest sounds be heard? (anatomical placement)

Answer 9

between intercostal spaces

Question 10

Where is the aortic valve best heard?

Answer 10

in 2nd intercostal space to the immediate right of sternum

Question 11

Where is pulmonary valve best heard?

Answer 11

2nd intercostal space to the immediate left of sternum

Question 12

Where is the tricuspid valve best heard?

Answer 12

5th intercostal space to immediate left of sternum. (sometimes heard best immediate right of sternum)

Question 13

Where is the mitral valve best heard?

Answer 13

5th intercostal space on mid-clavicular line

Question 14

What patient position might assist in hearing S1 and mitral valve better?

Answer 14

flex forward and to left while twisting a bit to the right

Question 15

What is the logical sweep pattern for ausultating?

Answer 15

start with aortic ? pulmonary ? tricuspid ? mitral. APTM

Question 16

Which side of the patient should you position yourself?

Answer 16

to the patients left (not between their legs!!!)

Question 17

What does the cardiac cycle represent?

Answer 17

a display of all the mechanical, hemodynamic, acoustical and electrical events that occur in the heart during one beat.

Question 18

What are the 5 composite-assembled tracings?

Answer 18

aortic pressure, ventricular pressure, ventricular volume, atrial pressure, phonocardiogram, ecg

Question 19

What is the most critical aspect in understanding the cardiac cycle?

Answer 19

relative timing of events

Question 20

What 4 sources did we gather information from during lab?

Answer 20

ECG, phonocardiogram, peripheral pulse, and stroke volume.

Question 21

What must happen to the heart before the left and right ventricle can contract and eject blood?

Answer 21

heart must first be depolarized (or electrically excited)

Question 22

What does the QRS complex represent?

Answer 22

ventricular depolarization

Question 23

What 3 ways can you dtermine HR (w/out using biopac)?

Answer 23

1) measure the distance in time b/t any successive R waves, by counting boxes (each box =0.04 sec) then divide that number into 60. 2) find R wave that falls on a line on the grid.. count over 4 seconds (25 small boxes).. then count number of beats in that segment. Then multiply by 15. 3) Find R wave and count larger boxes (0.2 sec) until next R wave. With each line count down 300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50 etc..

Question 24

What is the first method dependent on?

Answer 24

finding a representitive beat

Question 25

What makes #2 method reliable?

Answer 25

the longer the period of time considered the better the value.

Question 26

Which heart sound is recorded on the phonocardiogram?

Answer 26

first heart sound (S1) and second heart sound (S2).

Question 27

What makes S1 difficult to see/Hear?

Answer 27

S4 because it runs into S1.

Question 28

What might a rapid heart rate cause to happen?

Answer 28

S1 run into S2.

Question 29

Which sound is stronger? S1 or S2?

Answer 29

S1

Question 30

What does the time between the onset of the QRS complex and S1 represent?

Answer 30

Lag between excitation and mechanical action

Question 31

How long does it last?

Answer 31

About 0.04 seconds.

Question 32

What is well underway when ventricular excitation is happening?

Answer 32

S1

Question 33

How do you measure VCT?

Answer 33

S2-S1 = VCT

Question 34

What is VCT better known as?

Answer 34

systole

Question 35

What is VRT?

Answer 35

ventricular relaxation time – diastole

Question 36

How can you measure VRT?

Answer 36

measuring distances between onset of S2 and the next S1.

Question 37

In a resting heart, which is shorter, VRT or VCT?

Answer 37

VCT is shorter than VRT.

Question 38

At what heart rate do VRT and Vct become equal?

Answer 38

90 bpm.

Question 39

What does exercise shorten?

Answer 39

Diastole

Question 40

What is the average delay between the opening of the AV and the peripheral pulse?

Answer 40

~0.13 seconds.

Question 41

What does the peripheral pulse lack?

Answer 41

Dicrotic arch

Question 42

Where does the AV fall along the graph when counting backwards from PP?

Answer 42

The deepest valley of S1

Question 43

What does the onset of the aortic pulse correspond with?

Answer 43

Beginning of ejection phase of cycle.

Question 44

When does ejection end?

Answer 44

Appearance of S2

Question 45

What is LVET?

Answer 45

Deepest valley of S1- onset of S2

Question 46

What does the dicrotic notch appear as?

Answer 46

Incisura/dip on downward slope of pressure curve.

Question 47

How can you crudely estimate LVET?

Answer 47

Measuring from onset of pulse to notch.

Question 48

What is the IVCT?

Answer 48

Short amount of time it takes for the ventricles to build up pressure prior to ejection.

Question 49

What is the formula for IVCT?

Answer 49

VCT = IVCT+LVET

Question 50

What is CO?

Answer 50

CO = HR X SV

Question 51

What does voltage begin at for EKGs?

Answer 51

135 mV.

Question 52

P-wave ?

Answer 52

Atrial depolarization. 0.06-0.12 sec

Question 53

Q wave?

Answer 53

Ventricular septal activation.

Question 54

R wave

Answer 54

Vent depolar to Apex.

Question 55

S wave

Answer 55

Vent depolar back to base

Question 56

T wave

Answer 56

Vent repolar. 0.12 - 0.20 sec.

Question 57

PR segment

Answer 57

End of p wave to start of Q.

Question 58

PR interval

Answer 58

Approx 0.10 - 0.16 sec

Question 59

QRS complex.

Answer 59

Approx 0.6 - 0.10 sec.

Question 60

ST segment

Answer 60

0.8 - 0.16 sec

Question 61

ST interval

Answer 61

End of S wave to end of T wave

Question 62

QT interval.

Answer 62

0.26 - 0.48 sec

Question 63

Isoelectric line

Answer 63

Best seen before P wave or after T wave.

Question 64

What does a long PR segment suggest?

Answer 64

AV electrical block.

Question 65

What is einthovens triangle?

Answer 65

Leads 1,2,3. In frontal plane. Heart at center. 0 mV. Triaxial display.

Question 66

Which are augmented limb leads?

Answer 66

aVL, aVR, aVF.

Question 67

What is the electrical axis?

Answer 67

Net electrical direction of depolarization of ventricles.

Question 68

What does the normal QRS vector point to?

Answer 68

Down and to left. 60 degrees. Normal range = -30 - +105.

Question 69

What is QRS vector a product of?

Answer 69

Ventricular muscle mass, and anatomic position of heart.

Question 70

Which way does the axis move on inhalation?

Answer 70

Right shift.

Question 71

In regards to hypertrophy, which way does the axis move?

Answer 71

Towards hypertrophy. Away from damage.

Question 72

Which axis deviation with aortic stenosis?

Answer 72

Left

Question 73

Which axis deviation with left ventricular infarction?

Answer 73

Right.

Question 74

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 74

SBP - DBP.

Question 75

What is MAP?

Answer 75

(PP/3) + DBP. Normally Bout 93

Question 76

What is the initial reaction of BP after standing with the PMBPI test?

Answer 76

Prompt reduction. By carotid and aortic baros.

Question 77

What does the PMBPI arterial BP drop result in?

Answer 77

Rapid compensatory changes that increase cardiac output and increase peripheral resistance. To bring BP back to normal.

Question 78

Phase 1 of valsalva?

Answer 78

Sudden transient increase in BP due to intrathoracic pressure

Question 79

Phase 2 valsalva?

Answer 79

Abrupt decline BP. Positive intrathoracic pressure stops venous return and cardiac output. Drop in arterial baro leads to rise in peripheral resistance and tachy. Almost no pulse

Question 80

Phase 3 valsalva?

Answer 80

Stop bearing down. Intrathoracic pressure drops suddenly restoring venous and CO. BP rises quickly.

Question 81

Phase 4 valsalva

Answer 81

Large CO. BP overshoot. Huge SV. Reflex Brady.

Question 82

What is VO2?

Answer 82

Oxygen consumption. HR x SV x A-V O2 difference.

Question 83

How do you determine maximum hr?

Answer 83

220-age.

Question 84

How do you determine ideal exercise hr?

Answer 84

Resting HR + [.6 (max hr - resting hr) Example 220-28 = 192. 64 + [.6(192-64)] = 140