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Comprehensive Review Questions > Physiology I - Exam 3 - Practice Questions > Flashcards

Physiology I - Exam 3 - Practice Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Renal autoregulation refers to the relative constancy of GFR and renal blood flow. A decrease in arterial pressure and GFR ultimately leads to a reduction in the concentration of sodium ions at the macula densa. This results in which of the following responses that ultimately restores GFR?

A. Release of renin by the juxtaglomerular apparatus

B. Release of endothelin by the glomerular capillaries

C. Release of NO by the vasa recta endothelium

D. Release of angiotensin II by the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

A. Release of renin by the jusxtaglomerular apparatus

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2
Q

GFR is determined by the net filtration pressure and the glomerular capillary filtration coefficient. Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on increasing GFR?

A. Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure

B. Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

C. Bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure

D. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

D. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

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3
Q

Minimum change disease occurs when the negative charges on the filtration membrane of the glomerulus are not present. What abnormality in the urine would be expected under these conditions?

A. Urine would contain numerous red blood cells

B. Urine would contain excess albumin

C. Urine would contain excess sodium and chloride

D. Urine would be less concentrated

A

B. Urine would contain excess albumin

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4
Q

A number of hormones are involved in the control of glomerular filtration rate. Which of the following preferentially constricts the efferent arterioles but has little effect on the afferent arterioles?

A. Bradykinin

B. Angiotensin II

C. Endothelial-derived nitric oxide

D. Endothelin

A

B. Angiotensin II

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5
Q

Which of the following, in liters/day, represents the GFR in the average adult human?

A. 3

B. 125

C. 180

D. 360

A

C. 180

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6
Q

An increase in which of the following factors will result in a decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

A. Arterial pressure

B. Afferent arteriolar resistance

C. Efferent arteriolar resistance

D. Both B and C

E. All of the above

A

B. Afferent arteriolar resistance

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7
Q

Approximately how much of the total cardiac output is received by the kidneys?

A. 25%

B. 50%

C. 75%

D. 100%

A

A. 25%

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8
Q

The macula densa is found in which of the following parts of the renal tubule?

A. Proximal convoluted tubule

B. Thin descending limb of Henle

C. Thick ascending limb of Henle

D. Distal convoluted tubule

A

D. Distal convoluted tubule

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9
Q

The thin descending loop of Henle is highly permeable to which of the following?

A. Sodium

B. Water

C. Urea

D. Amino acids

A

B. Water

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10
Q

Aldosterone is an important regulator of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion; one of its main targets is…?

A. Podocytes

B. Principal cells

C. Intercalated cells

D. Cells of macula densa

A

B. Principal cells

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11
Q

Which of the following cells play a major role in the secretion of potassium?

A. Intercalated cells

B. Principal cells

C. Chief cells

D. Podocytes

A

B. Principal cells

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12
Q

Most potassium reabsorption occurs at which of the following sites?

A. Ascending loop of Henle

B. Distal convoluted tubule

C. Proximal convoluted tubule

D. Collecting duct

A

C. Proximal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

Primary active hydrogen secretion involves a hydrogen-transporting ATPase. It occurs in which of the following parts of the renal tubules?

A. Descending limb of Henle

B. Ascending limb of Henle

C. Late distal tubules in intercalated cells

D. Early collecting tubules in principal cells

A

C. Late distal tubules in intercalated cells

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14
Q

Which of the following refelects the amount of urine that the kidneys can excrete per day when there is a large excess of water?

A. 180 liters

B. 75 liters

C. 20 liters

D. 4 liters

A

C. 20 liters

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15
Q

SADH acts on which of the following regions of the nephron?

A. Proximal convoluted tubule

B. Descending loop of Henle

C. Ascending loop of Henle

D. Distal convoluted tubule

A

D. Distal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

Which of the following reflects the maximum urine concentration that can be produced by the kidneys?

A. 6000-7000 mOsm/L

B. 5500-6000 mOsm/L

C. 1200-1400 mOsm/L

D. 2000-2400 mOsm/L

A

C. 1200-1400 mOsm/L

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17
Q

Osmoreceptor cells are located in which of the following regions?

A. Adjacent to carotid bodies

B. In the macula densa

C. In the anterior part of the third ventricle

D. In the distal collecting ducts

A

C. In the anterior part of the third ventricle

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18
Q

Which of the following segments of the nephron is NOT permeable to water?

A. Proximal convoluted tubule in the presence of ADH

B. Descending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH

C. Ascending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH

D. Distal convoluted tubule in the presence of ADH

A

C. Ascending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH

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19
Q

Which of the following plays a major role in stimulating potassium excretion by the kidney tubules?

A. Aldosterone

B. Angiotensin II

C. Sodium ion

D. PTH

A

A. Aldosterone

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20
Q

Approximately how much of the body’s supply of calcium is stored in bone?

A. 1%

B. 47%

C. 78%

D. 99%

A

D. 99%

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21
Q

How much of the filtered calcium is excreted by the kidneys?

A. 1%

B. 47%

C. 78%

D. 99%

A

A. 1%

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22
Q

Which of the following cells reabsorb potassium during potassium depletion?

A. Intercalated cells

B. Principal cells

C. Chief cells

D. Podocytes

A

A. Intercalated cells

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23
Q
A

A. Potassium excretion would increase with increased tubular flow rate.

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24
Q
A

C. Metabolic acidosis increases extracellular K+ concentration

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25
Q

Which of the following buffer systems is most important in buffering renal tubular fluid?

A. Phosphate buffer system

B. Carbonate buffer system

C. Bicarbonate buffer system

D. Hemoglobin buffer system

A

A. Phosphate buffer system

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26
Q

Compounds that dissociate incompletely into hydrogen ions and a conjugate base are members of which of the following compounds?

A. Strong acids

B. Weak acids

C. Strong bases

D. Weak bases

A

B. Weak acids

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27
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system consists of a bicarbonate salt and which of the following?

A. Weak acid

B. Strong acid

C. Weak base

D. Strong base

A

A. Weak acid

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28
Q

Which of the following buffer systems is the most important extracellular buffer system?

A. Phosphate buffer system

B. Carbonate buffer system

C. Bicarbonate buffer system

D. Hemoglobin buffer system

A

C. Bicarbonate buffer system

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29
Q

Most bicarbonate reabsorption occurs in which of the following parts of the renal tubule?

A. Proximal tubule

B. Descending limb of Henle

C. Ascending limb of Henle

D. Distal tubule

A

A. Proximal tubule

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30
Q

Which of the following occurs when a decrease in bicarbonate ion results in a decrease in the ratio of bicarbonate ion to carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid?

A. Respiratory acidosis

B. Respiratory alkalosis

C. Metabolic acidosis

D. Metabolic alkalosis

A

C. Metabolic acidosis

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31
Q

Respiratory alkalosis due to a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration caused by hyperventilation is compensated for by which of the following mechanisms?

A. Increased ventilation rate.

B. Decreased ventilation rate.

C. Renal excretion of bicarbonate ion.

D. Renal addition of new bicarbonate ion to extracellular fluid.

A

C. Renal excretion of bicarbonate ion.

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32
Q

Which of the following would be the result of increased levels of angiotensin II?

A. Decreased blood pressure

B. Increase vasoconstriction

C. Increased natriuresis

D. Decreased aldosterone levels

A

B. Increase vasoconstriction

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33
Q

A 1-sodium, 2-chloride, 1-potassium co-transporter is found in the luminal membrane of which part of the renal tubule?

A. Proximal convoluted tubule

B. Thin descending limb of Henle

C. Thick ascending limb of Henle

D. Distal convoluted tubule

A

C. Thick ascending limb of Henle

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34
Q

If tidal volume is 0.5 liters, dead space is 0.15 liters, and breathing rate is 12 times per minute; calculate the minute ventilation.

A. 1.8 liters

B. 4.0 liters

C. 6.0 liters

D. 7.8 liters

A

C. 6.0 liters

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35
Q

The solubility of oxygen = 0.024; the solubility of carbon dioxide =- 0.57. Because carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxyen, it will exert a partial pressure (for a given concentration) that is less than 1/20th that of oxygen. This relationship between partial pressures and solubility illustrates which of the following gas laws?

A. Henry’s

B. Boyle’s

C. Dalton’s

D. Euclid’s

A

A. Henry’s

36
Q

If tidal volume is 0.5 liters, dead space is 0.15 liters, and breathing rate is 12 times per minute; calculate the minute alveolar ventilation.

A. 1.8 liters

B. 3.5 liters

C. 4.2 liters

D. 6.0 liters

A

C. 4.2 liters

37
Q
A

B. It decreases the partial pressure of each of the other gases.

38
Q

The range in the pressure change (in cm of water) in alveolar pressure during inspiration is expressed by which of the following?

A. 0 to -1

B. -5 to -7.5

C. -7.5 to -5

D. -1 to 0

A

A. 0 to -1

39
Q

What would be the Va/Q ratio for alveolar air with a PO2 of 104 and a PCO2 of 40?

A. 2.5

B. 0.8

C. 0

D. Infinity

A

B. 0.8

40
Q
A

A. Va/Q ratio = infinity

41
Q
A

C. Apices: zone 2; middle part of lungs: zone 3; lower part of lungs: zone 3

42
Q

The pulmonary circulation can be divided into two systems. Which of the following describes the system supplying the trachea, bronchial tree and rest of the interstitium?

A. High pressure - Low flow

B. High pressure - High flow

C. Low pressure - Low flow

D. Low pressure - Hogh flow

A

A. High pressure - Low flow

43
Q

Which of the following represents the mean pulmonary arterial pressure in mmHg?

A. 7

B. 15

C. 25

D. 125

A

B. 15

44
Q

The most common cause of pulmonary edema is left sided heart failure or mitral valve disease. Pulmonary edema occurs when pulmonary capillary pressure exceeds which of the following levels?

A. 07 mm Hg

B. 15 mm Hg

C. 20 mm Hg

D. 25 mm Hg

A

D. 25 mm Hg

45
Q
A

D. High sodium intake has little effect on potassium secretion.

46
Q
A

C. 2700 L/day

47
Q
A

C. J receptors

48
Q
A

B. 25%

49
Q
A

C. 4.5

50
Q
A

B. Metabolic acidosis

51
Q
A

D. Distal convoluted tubule

52
Q
A

B. 4320 mEq

53
Q
A

C. Increase in release of parathyroid hormone.

54
Q
A

C. 375 mg/min

55
Q
A

C. Creatinine

56
Q
A

C. Product of the permeability and filtering surface area of the glomerular capillaries.

57
Q
A

A. Bradykinin

58
Q
A

B. High rate of active sodium reabsorption

59
Q
A

C. Pudendal nerves

60
Q
A

A. 46.5 L/day

61
Q
A

C. 152

62
Q
A
63
Q
A

D. 250

64
Q
A

B. Secondary active transport via a sodium/glucose cotransporter

65
Q
A

D. Decreased venous return

66
Q
A

B. Excess secretion of aldosterone

67
Q
A

B. Afferent arteriolar resistance

68
Q
A

B. Pneumotaxic center

69
Q
A

D. Posterior pituitary

70
Q
A

B. 0.5 L/day

71
Q
A

D. Distal convoluted tubule

72
Q
A

C. 20 liters

73
Q
A

C. 1200-1400 mOsml/L

74
Q
A

D. 200 mOsm/L

75
Q
A

C. In the anterior part of the third ventricle

76
Q
A

D. A decrease in BPG (bi-phosphoglycerate)

77
Q
A

D. 70%

78
Q
A

A. Dorsal respiratory group

79
Q
A

C. Adrenal cortex

80
Q
A

C. Paracellular transport due to POSITIVE charge in tubular lumen

81
Q
A

D. ADH

82
Q
A

A. True

83
Q
A

A. Proximal convoluted tubule

84
Q
A

B. Phosphate

85
Q
A
86
Q
A
87
Q
A

C. Assending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH.

Comprehensive Review Questions (17 decks)

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