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Comprehensive Exam > Physiology I > Flashcards

Physiology I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the body’s two main fluid compartments

A

ECF and ICF

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2
Q

which compartment is high in potassium

A

ICF

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3
Q

which compartment is high in sodium and chloride

A

ECF

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4
Q

which compartment is called the internal environment

A

ECF

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5
Q

describe the ECF (6)

A
  • body fluid that surrounds cells
  • high in Na, Cl, HCO3
  • separate from ICF by plasma/cell membrane of cells (IMPERMEABLE)
  • forms immediate environment of cells (direct contact)
  • plasma: fluid portion of blood (surrounds blood cells)
  • interstitial fluid (ISF): tissue fluid (surrounds tissue cells)
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6
Q

plasma and interstitial fluid are separated by…

A

blood vessel walls

PERMEABLE… therefore constantly mixed

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7
Q

homeostasis =

A

keeping physical and chemical conditions in ECF nearly constant and ideal for cell life all at setpoint

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8
Q

gated ion channels (3)

A

ligand gated: open or close in response to ligand binding to receptor on OR near channel

voltage gated: open with change in voltage

mechanically gated: open in response of being physically deformed

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9
Q

which hormones are water soluble

A

protein/peptide

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10
Q

which hormones are lipid soluble

A

steroid

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11
Q

mechanism for water soluble hormones (peptide/protein)

A

messenger –> receptor (part of or adjacent to ion channel) –> open/close channel –> ­increase or decrease ions –> change in electrical state

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12
Q

aldosterone vs cortisol

A

steroids lipid soluble so bound to plasma proteins

aldosterone = mineralocorticoid

cortisol = glucocorticoid

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13
Q

mechanism for steroid/thyroid metabolic hormones (lipid soluble)

A

gene activation –> synthesis of new protein

hormone –> receptor –> nucleus –> binds to gene receptor –> activates DNA gene segment –> mRNA –> ribosome –> protein synthesis

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14
Q

G protein linked receptor mechanism for hormones (adrenal catecholamines and most protein hormones)

A

stimulatory or inhibitory

hormone binds –> swaps GDP for GTP –> GTP dissociates

alpha part binds to membrane protein –> protein activated

now it can: open ion channel, activate gene transcription, activate enzyme, activate intracellular enzymes

activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP –> cAMP (inside cell now) –> cAMP dependent protein kinase activation by allosteric modulation –> phosphorylates protein by covalent modulation –> cell response to hormone

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15
Q

input to endocrine cell that can influence its secretory rate (3)

A
  1. by ECF
  2. NS input
  3. hormone input
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16
Q

if secretion of hormon is influenced by plasma [] (ECF []),

A

then that hormone regulates ECF level of that ion/nutrient via negative feedback

example: insluin and blood sugar

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17
Q

what two endocrine glands produce at least 5 hormones that function to control the secretion rate of some other endocrine gland

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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18
Q

what are the two main subdivisons of the CNS

A

spinal cord and brain

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19
Q

what are the two main subdivisons of the PNS

A

afferent and efferent

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20
Q

what are the two main subiditions of the effecet (motor) division

A

somatic and autonomic

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21
Q

what are the two main subdivisions of the ANS

A

parasym and symp

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22
Q

For the somatic nervous system, what type of effector cell does it control, and what transmitter does it release onto these effector cells? Is this transmitter inhibitory?

A

effector cell = skeletal m

transmitter = acetylcholine

never inhibitory

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23
Q

what are the three effector cells that ANS controls

A

smooth m, cardiac m, glands

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24
Q

where are the cell bodies (ganglion) of the sym and parasym located

A

symp: near spinal cord (1st short, 2nd long)
parasymp: within effector organ (1st long, 2nd short)

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25
Q

2 neuron chain between CNS and effector location

A
  1. cell body of 1st in brainstem and spinal cord
  2. cell body of 2nd (and synapse!) outside CNS in autonomic ganglion
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26
Q

cholinergic fiber is what transmitter and what uses it

A

acetylcholine

used by:

  1. somatic NS fibers
  2. preganglion para and sym
  3. parasymp postganglion
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27
Q

adrenergic fibers is what transmitter and what uses it

A

epinephrine/ NE

used by:

  1. postganglionic symp
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28
Q

adrenal medulla in regards to transmitter and control

A

controlled by symp pregang fibers

release NE/epi directly to blood

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29
Q

resting membrane potential

A

membrane potential of cell at rest.

only need a few charges to establish RMP not total number of charges

inside cell is (-) comparted to outside

30
Q

RMP in relative to permeability to sodium and potassium

A

more permeable to K

neg on inside, pos on outside (K+ moving out makes inside (-) )

31
Q

What are the two types of force that can act on an ion to produce its net movement from point A to point B?

A
  1. force of electricity (neg attracts pos)
  2. conc gradient (high to low)
32
Q

Describe how potassium movements are the chief factor resulting in the production of the resting membrane potential.

A

100x more permeable than Na

if cell permeable to K, not Na, then K+ moves out of cell and outside will have excess of (+) charge and membrane potential now present

  • membrane potential influences K+ movement
    • electrical force: slows outward movement of K+
33
Q

Na/K pump

A

3 Na out; 2 K in

net: 1 pos ion moves outside

34
Q

equilibrium potential

A

equal force in both deirections (magnitude) for ion not cell

can be one or both directions

35
Q

graded potentials vs AP in…

size, initiation, travel, hyperpolarized?

A

GP smaller than AP

initiation:
AP by depolarization of GP reaching threshold
GP - substimulus on sensory receptor (ex. Light) or transmitter on post synaptic potential or spontaneous

travel:
AP same size, GP die out (gradually decrease)

hyperpol:
GP yes, AP never

36
Q

graded potential functions

A

make neurons more or less likely to produce AP

more: depolarization
less: hyperpolarization

37
Q

action potential function

A

cause neutrotransmitter to be released

38
Q

3 types of graded potentials

A
  1. receptor potential: at peripheral end of sensory neuron in response to external stimulus
  2. postsynaptic potential: produced by post synaptic cell in response to transmitter relase by presynaptic axon terminal
  3. pacemaker potential: produced spontaneously by ion leakage –> rate change
39
Q

rising phase of action potential

A

depolarization

Na moving in

ligand gated channel

40
Q

falling phase of action potential

A

repolarization

K moving out

41
Q

action potential threshold

A

amount of depol that GP has to produce so voltage gated channels will open and cause AP

minimum amount of depolarization to cause action potential

42
Q

inspiration

A

Ppl < Patm

  • *inc size of pleural cavity** to dec Ppl
  • *rib muscle contract**

the dec in Ppl –> inc transpulmonary pressure to +6 and air flows in (high to low)

**air enters lungs because lung expanded not lung expanded because air entered it**

43
Q

lung compliance

A

magnitude of lung volume change produced by given change in pressure across lung wall

low compliance = low stretchability

44
Q

surfactant and surface tension

A

surfactant: detergent like substance

reduces surface tension –> increasing compliance

45
Q

% HgB saturation

A

faction of all Hgb that’s bound to oxygen

too loose: not enough O2 will be picked up by lungs

too tight: not enough will become unbound

46
Q

total amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin in blood depends on (2)

A

% Hgb saturation

how much Hgb present in blood

47
Q

increase of PO2 in blood causes % Hgb to inc or dec?

A

increase

a large dec in PO2 –> very little dec in HgB saturation

^^^DUE TO PLATEAU (SAFETY FACTOR)

48
Q

Factors that shift curve to the right (4)

A
  1. decrease pH
  2. increase temp
  3. increase BPG/2-3BPG
  4. increase CO2 (direct or indirect)

benefit: decrease Hgb affinity for oxygen allowing O2 to break off and deliver to tissues

49
Q

Why does adding carbon dioxide to a watery solution cause the pH to fall?

A

the more CO2, the more H+ and lower pH

little change in [CO2] –> large change in ventilation

50
Q

Is the most important stimulus that controls the rate and depth of breathing the ECF concentration of oxygen, or the ECF concentration of carbon dioxide/ECF pH?

A

ECF concentration of carbon dioxide/ECF pH

51
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

R ventricle –> pul trunk (arteries 2) –> pul capillaries/lungs –> pul veins –> L atrium

52
Q

systemic circulation

A

L ventricle –> aorta –> systemic capillary beds in tissues –> IVC/SVC –> R atrium

53
Q

electrical heart stimulation

A

SA node –> AV node –> AV bundle –> purkinje fibers –> ordinary cardiac m

*after AV bundle, very fast*

54
Q

The concentration of what ion must increase inside a cardiac muscle cell for the cell to contract?

A

calcium

55
Q

systole and diastole

A
  • systole: period of ventricular contraction
    • isovol vent contraction + vent ejection
  • diastole: period of ventricular relaxation
    • isovol vent vent relaxation + vent filling
56
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average pressure throughout cardiac cycle

CO x TPR

57
Q

two factors that directly influence cardiac output (CO)

A

stroke volume and heart rate

increase SV, increase CO
increase HR, increase CO

58
Q

factors that directly influence HR (3)

A

increase symp activity

decrease parasym activity

increase plasma epinephrine

59
Q

factors that directly influence SV (3)

A

increase end diastolic volume

increase symp activity

increase plasma epi

60
Q

frank starling law of the heart

A

inc EDV (vent filling) –> inc ventricular m stretching –> more foreceful contraction –> inc SV

increase blood to veins, increase output of heart

61
Q

what factors directly influences TPR (2)

A

length and radius of arterial tube

viscosity of liquid (function of friction between flowing fluid molecules)

62
Q

what factor controls blood viscosity (1)

A

hematocrit

(ratio of cells to plasma)

inc hematocrit –> inc viscosity

decrease amount of plasma –> inc viscosity

63
Q

what facors directly influence arteriolar radius (5)

A

sympathethic

NO

epi/ANP

vasopression

local control (dec O2, inc K, CO2, H)

64
Q

what is the main factor determing vent filling and EDV

A

venous return

65
Q

what are some factors that affect venous pressure/return (5)

A

inspiration

skeletal muscle pump

blood volume

symp activity

hormones

66
Q

baroreceptor reflex components

A
  1. receptors: arterial baroreceptors
  2. afferent neurons
  3. cardiovascular center in medulla
  4. efferent neurons: symp and parasymp
  5. effectors: arterioles, veins, heart

symp –> arterioles, veins, heart

parasymp –> heart

67
Q

baroreceptor reflex function

A

control aterial blood pressure from minute to minute

NOT LONG TERM

68
Q

viewing near objects

A

ciliary m contraction (dec diameter) –> become more spherical –> see near objects

strong (rounded) lens

69
Q

viewing far objects

A

ciliary m relaxation –> inc tension in suspensory ligaments –> lens flattens –> see distant objects

weak lens

70
Q

accomodation

A

adjustment by lens shape changes

*near objects = greater refraction to converge on retina*

Comprehensive Exam (3 decks)

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