Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comprehensive Review > Physiology I > Flashcards

Physiology I Flashcards

1
Q

What term refers to the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment and is the condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant within limits?

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

An organism is said to be in homeostasis when its internal environment:
Contains the optimum concentraitons of ____, ______, _____ and _______
Has an optimal _______

Has an optimal ______ for the health of the cells

A

Gases, nutrients, ions and water

Temperature

Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_______ is any stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment

A

Stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A change is some a parameter causes a response that results in a return of that parameter to normal. The response reverses the direction of the initial condition is refered to as what?

A

Negative feedback loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two characteristics of feedback loops?

A

Diminishes the original change

Stabilizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_______ is the degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions

A

Gain

*** be sure to remember how to calculate gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Small diameter axons transmit more ______ than large diameter axons

A

Slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_______ conduction is characterisitc of the myelinated axon but not the cell body of dendrites

A

Saltatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the first thing that happens after the sodium ligand-gated channels open?

A

End-plate depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

During contraction of a skeletal muscle:

Actin filaments form the ____ bands which become ______ in width

A

I bands

Narrower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

During contraction, the ____ band is equivalent to the length of the myosin filaments and doesn’t change in width

A

A band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The _____ band is the part of the A band that is not overlapped by the actin filaments and becomes ________

A

H band

Narrower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers both have what 3 characteristics?

A

DHP channels on T tubules and Ryanodine receptors on sarcoplasmic reticulum

Sarcomeric arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Multinucleated, peripheral nuclei
T tubules are found at the ends of the thick filaments
Two cisternae per T tubule
T tubules form triads with the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is more extensive
Motor unit arrangement where one nerve fiber synapses with one or more skeletal muscle fibers

Are all characteristics of what type of muscle fiber?

A

Skeletal muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
Central, single nucleus per cell
T tubules are found along the Z line
There is one cisternae per T tubule 
T tubules form dyads with the sarcoplasmic reticulum 
SR is less extensive 
Muscle cells form a syncytium

These are all characterisitics of what type of cell?

A

Cardiac muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

There are 4 phases of fast action potentials in cardiac muscle action. What phase is considered resting potential?

A

Phase 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

During fast action potentials in cardiac muscle, what happens at phase 0?

A

Rapid depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During fast action potentials in cardiac muscle what happens during phase 1?

A

Initial, incomplete repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

During fast action potentials in cardiac muscle what does phase 3 consist of?

A

Repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the resting potential in cardiac muscle?

A

-85mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Greater AP amplitude
More rapid rate of rise of phase 0
Larger cell diameter

Are characteristics of what type of cardiac muscle action potential?

A

Fast action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

No fast sodium ion gates
Sunstroke of AP is due to calcium
Resting potential is close to -60mV
Amplitude is smaller

These are all characteristics of what type of cardiac muscle action potential?

A

Slow action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can stroke volume output be increased?

A

By increasing end diastolic volume

Or

By decreasing End systolic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you calculate ejection fraction?

A

Systolic volume (actual amount of blood ejected from the heart) / End diastolic volume (the amount of blood in the ventricle just before it contracts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume?

A

(End diastolic volume (the amount of blood in the ventricle just before it contracts)) minus (End systolic volume (the amount of blood left in the ventricle after it has contracted))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do P waves, QRS waves and T waves represent?

A

P waves= atrial depolarization
QRS waves= ventricular depolarization
T waves= ventricular depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In regards to ECG vectors, what lead consists of the following characteristics?
Two electrodes on two arms
-R= negative
-L- positive

Direction of the lead = 0 degrees

A

Bipolar lead I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In regards of ECG Vectors, the following are characteristic of what lead?
Electrodes on right arm and left leg
-A=negative
-L=positive

Direction of the lead 60 degrees

A

Bipolar lead II

29
Q

In regards to ECG vectors, the following are characteristics of what lead?

Electrodes on left arm and left leg
A= negative
L= positive

Direction of the lead = 120 degrees

A

Bipolar lead III

30
Q

What is the comparison of the pressures in the arterial system and the venule system in the systemic circulation?

A

Arterial system is 120 mmHg

Once it reaches the venous system becomes 0mmHg

31
Q

How much of the blood volume is in the veins?

A

64% or 2/3 of blood volume is in the veins

32
Q

______ % of blood volume is in the systemic circulation

______ % of blood volume is in the heart and lungs

A

84

16

33
Q

How much more compliant is a vein than an artery?

A

24 times more compliant

34
Q

When the blood volume is at 5 L then the mean systemic filling pressure is ______ mmHg

When the blood volume is at 4 L then the mean systemic filling pressure is _______ mmHg

A

7

0

35
Q

When right atrial pressure = mean systemic filling pressure, what is the venous return?

A

0

36
Q

What is the main driving force for filtration in the kidney or has the greatest effect on increasing glomerular filtration rate?

A

Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

How much of the total cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

22%

38
Q

What is the golmerular filtration rate per minute? Per day?

A

Per min = 125ml/min

Per day= 180 L/day

39
Q

In what part of the nephron is 65% of filtered electrolytes reabsorbed and all filtered glucose and amino acids reabsorbed using secondary active transport via Na+ glucose cotranpsorter?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

40
Q

Where is aldosterone’s major site of action?

A

Major site of action is on the principal cells of the cortical collecting ducts to stimulate resorption of Na and secretion of K

41
Q

What part of the nephron are the intercalated cells located?

A

Late distal/ cortical collecting tubule

42
Q

What is the action of the interacalated cells in the LDT and CCT?

A

Reabsorb K from tubular lumen and secrete H+ into tubular lumen

H+ generated by action of carbonic anhydrase

43
Q

What buffer system plays a major role in buffering the renal tubular fluid and intracellular fluids?

A

Phosphate buffer system

44
Q

If someone is in respiratory acidosis the primary compensatory response of the body would be to:

A

Increase plasma bicarbonate ion by action of new bicarbonate produced by the kidney

45
Q

For someone with metabolic acidosis the primary compensatory response of the body would be to:

A

Increase ventilation rate

46
Q

An increase in ratio of bicarbonate to H ion concentration is definitive of ________

A

Alkalosis

47
Q

A decrease in CO2 concentration caused by hyperventilation is characteristic of _______ _________

A

Respiratory alkalosis

48
Q

For someone who is hyperventilating and is in respiratory alkalosis , the compensatory response of the body would be:

A

Reduction in plasma bicarbonate ion concentration by renal excretion of bicarbonate

49
Q

What is caused by rise in extracellular fluid bicarbonate ion concentration?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

50
Q

What is the compensatory response of alkalosis?

A

Decreased ventilation

Increased renal bicarbonate excretion

51
Q

_________________ = the maximum volume of gas the lungs can hold

A

Total lung capacity

52
Q

What term describe the volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest?

A) Inspiratory reserve volume
B) expiratory reserve volume
C) Tidal volume
D) residual volume

A

C) Tidal volume

53
Q

What term describes the volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration?

A) Inspiratory reserve volume
B) expiratory reserve volume
C) Tidal volume
D) residual volume

A

A) Inspiratory reserve volume

54
Q

What term is used to describe additional volume of air that can be expired at end of tidal volume by forceful expiration?

A) Inspiratory reserve volume
B) expiratory reserve volume
C) Tidal volume
D) residual volume

A

B) expiratory reserve volume

55
Q

What term is used to describe the volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration?

A

Residual volume

56
Q

What term describes the sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled and is the inspiration to the maximum extent plus expiration to the maximum extent?

A) Vital capacity
B) Total lung capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) functional residual capacity

A

Vital capacity

57
Q

What is the term to describe the sum of all the volumes = vital capacity plus residual volume?

A) Vital capacity
B) Total lung capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) functional residual capacity

A

B) total lung capacity

58
Q

What is the term to describe the sum of volume above resting capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

A) Vital capacity
B) Total lung capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) functional residual capacity

A

C) inspiratory volume

59
Q

What is the term used to describe the sum of volumes below resting capacity = expiratory reserve volume + residual volume?

A) Vital capacity
B) Total lung capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) functional residual capacity

A

D) functional residual capacity

60
Q

What is the term that describes the difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure?

A

Transpulmonary pressure

61
Q

What happens to the gases partial pressures when water vapor is added in the lungs?

A

The partial pressures of all the gases will be reduced

62
Q

What is the ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A

Va/Q= alveolar ventilation / blood flow

63
Q

What is the normal Va/Q?

A

0.8

64
Q

What is the Va/Q when there is an obstruction to the airway?

A

Va/Q = 0 but there is still perfusion

Blood gas composition remains unchanged

65
Q

What is the Va/Q when there is a vascular obstruction such as a pulmonary embolism?

A

Va/Q = infinity

Q=0 but there is still ventilation (no gas exchange bc no blood contact)

66
Q

At rest, how much oxygen is transported to the tissues?

A

5 ml O2/dl

67
Q

About how much CO2 is transported as bicarbonate in the blood?

A

70%

68
Q

What establishes ramp signal?

A

Dorsal respiratory group

69
Q

What mainly controls rate and depth of breathing?

A

Pontine respiratory group (pnemotaxic center)

Comprehensive Review (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions