Physiology, Homeostasis, and the Steady-State Flashcards
Anatomy vs. physiology
Anatomy - study of the STRUCTURE of an organism
Physiology - study of the FUNCTIONS an organism performs
Hierarchy of biology (beginning with atoms)
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organisms Populations of one species Ecosystem of different species BIOSPHERE
List of systems (10)
Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Immune Integumentary Musculoskeletal Nervous Reproductive Respiratory Urinary
General tissue types
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Homeostatic range
Range of values for a physiological variable that are normal. A variable can move out of this range and still be considered normal if it returns to the range. Ex:heart rate and exercise
This disease is characterized by a loss of blood glucose homeostasis.
Diabetes
How does an organism respond to an internal change/loss of homeostasis?
Compensation - failure of compensation is illness and successful compensation is wellness
Body fluid composition
1/3 - ECF 2/3 - ICF Na+/Cl- are high in ECF K+ is high in ICF ECF = plasma and interstitial fluid
Circadian rhythm
Dark/light cycle which is followed by many variables including sleep, body temperature, etc.
How does the body respond to cold temperatures?
Prevent heat loss - constrict blood vessels in skin, curl up
Produce heat - shivering
Where in the brain do voluntary and involuntary responses originate?
Cerebral cortex - voluntary
Ex: curling into a ball when its cold
Hypothalamus - involuntary
Ex: involuntary motor response is shivering in the cold; secretion of sweat when its hot; release of epinephrine
Positive vs negative feedback
Negative feedback - change in one variable stimulates a compensatory mechanism
Positive feedback - uterine contractions - must be stopped by a large outside force
Teleological explanation
Answers WHY something occurs
Mechanistic explanation
Answers how something occurs
Information flow in the body is handled by which two systems?
Endocrine, nervous
