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Semester 4 > Physiology - Hearing > Flashcards

Physiology - Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

How is sound produced

A

Produced by vibrating objects that causes compression and rarefication of air molecules.

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2
Q

What is a sound wave

A

The distance between two compression sites.

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3
Q

What does the peak of a sound wave show

A

Shows the most compressed air molecule site.

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4
Q

What does the bottom of a sound wave show

A

Shows the most rarified air molecule site.

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5
Q

What is frequency

A

The pitch of sound

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6
Q

What does low frequency show

A

Low pitch sound

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7
Q

What does high frequency show

A

High pitch sound

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8
Q

What frequency can humans detect

A

16-20 000 Hz

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9
Q

What is amplitude

A

Describes the pressure difference between the maximum and minimum point.

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10
Q

What does amplitude show

A

The loudness of the sound.

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11
Q

What does low amplitude show

A

Soft sounds.

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12
Q

What does high amplitude show

A

Loud sounds.

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13
Q

What amplitude can the human ear hear

A

0-120 dB

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14
Q

What is the threshold of hearing

A

0 dB

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15
Q

What is the “quite sound” range

A

30-60 dB (library or office)

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16
Q

What is the “moderate intensity sounds” range

A

60-90 dB (traffic)

17
Q

What is the “very loud sounds” range

A

90-110 dB (airplane or train)

18
Q

What is the “uncomfortable range”

A

> 110 dB (firearm or ambulance)

19
Q

What is the “damage to hair cells in organ of Corti” range

A

> 85 dB

20
Q

What happens if hair cells in the organ of Corti are damaged

A

They do not regenerate, if they are lost some parts of hearing is lost too.

21
Q

What is the difference in pressure exerted from 0 to 120 dB

A

1,000,000 times difference

22
Q

What are the components of the hearing sensory system

A
  1. Receptors = hair cells
  2. Conductive part = hearing pathway
  3. Highest centers = superior temporal gyrus
23
Q

Explain “receptors” of the hearing sensory system

A
  1. They are located in the inner ear in the organ or Corti.
  2. The hair cells generate a receptor potential which released neurotransmitters on the cochlear nerve endings.
24
Q

Explain “conductive part” of the hearing sensory system

A
  1. If the threshold is reached, the action potentials are sent (by cochlear nerves) to the cochlear nuclei (in the brainstem).
  2. From the cochlear nuclei, impulse travels to the superior olivary nuclei of both sides.
  3. From the superior olivary nuclei they go to the inferior colliculi.
  4. Then they go to the medial geniculate bodies.
25
Q

Explain “highest centers” of the hearing sensory system

A

From the medial geniculate bodies the impulses travel to the superior temporal gyrus in the cerebral cortex where the primary auditory area is.

26
Q

In what ways can sound waves int he organ of Corti be conducted

A

Through air and bone conduction.

27
Q

Explain air conduction in the organ of Corti

A
  1. Sound wave is conducted to the external auditory canal.
  2. They then go into the tympanic membrane of the middle ear.
  3. Ossicle chain in the middle ear send the sound waves to the oval window and come in contact with the fluid in the inner ear.
  4. The sound waves travel through the fluid into the Corti organ hair cells.
  5. Sound is perceived through air.
28
Q

Explain bone conduction in the organ of Corti

A
  1. The vibrations come in contact with the skin and vibrates the skull bones.
  2. Sound waves are conducted into the fluid of the inner ear by the temporal bone.
  3. The sound waves travel through the fluid into Corti organ hair cells.

Bone conduction is usually weaker than air conduction

29
Q

Functions of the external ear

A
  • Collection of sound waves.
  • Transmission of sound waves.
  • Resonance function.
  • Defense function.
  • Regulates humidity and temperature of the tympanic membrane.
30
Q

External ear: explain “collection of sound waves”

A

Auricula collects sound waves from the external environment.

31
Q

External ear: explain “transmission of sound waves”

A

Sound waves are transmitted from auricle through the external auditory canal into the tympanic membrane.

32
Q

External ear: explain “resonance function”

A

This is when the sound waves are amplified ain the external auditory canal.
Auricula - resonates to 5000 Hz
External auditory canal - resonates to 3000 Hz

33
Q

External ear: explain “defence function”

A

Glands in the wall of the outer part of the external auditory canal and consists of desquamated epithelial cells that are ear wax.

Glands secretions are a little acidic:
- Prevents bacterial growth
- Inhibits water and insects from entering

If ear wax is over excreted:
- Results in obstruction
- Some function of ear wax is gone
- Sound waves cannot penetrate as easily.

34
Q

External ear: explain “regulates humidity and temperature of the tympanic membrane”

A

Blood flow to the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane maintains temperature and humidity. This allos vibration from sound waves to enter the membrane.

35
Q

What happens in the ossicle chain

A

When sound has entered the tympanic membrane, it starts to cause vibration in the ossicle chain.

Ossicle chain consists of bones: malleus, incus and stapes.

The vibration causes the stapes to be pushed into the oval window so that the vibration can be transmitted into the fluid in the inner ear.

36
Q

What are the functions of the middle ear

A
  • Sound transmission.
  • Amplification.
  • Defence function.
  • Equilibrium of pressure.
37
Q

Middle ear: explain “sound transmission”

A

Ossicle chain transmits sound from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

38
Q

Middle ear: explain “amplification”

A

Surface area: surface area of tympanic membrane is 17x more than of oval window = sound is amplified 17 times.

Lever system:
- Incoming lever of malleus
- Outgoing lever of incus
If tympanic membrane moves it moves the lever causing 1.3x more pressure on the oval window.
- 17 * 1.3 = 22x (amplification).

If the ossicle chain becomes immobile, 1.3x amplification is lost. Person will hear whispering, 20-40 dB is lost. A artificial stapes can be inserted in this case.

39
Q

Middle ear: explain “defence function”

A

Semester 4 (4 decks)

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